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1. Cut the cardboard to fit within the 30 cm limit.
2. Glue the popsicle sticks in a rectangle 1x2 in the middle of the board. Then put another in the middle to form 2 connected squares.
3. Put 2 vertical sticks in the middle of the rectangle and connect them with another horizontal stick from the tops of each vertical one.
4. Attach 2 popsical sticks from the end of one side to the middle of the vertical beams.
5. take 2 popsical sticks and poke 2 small holes in their middles, this can be done by using the small nail provided.
6. On the same side that the support sticks are, glue  the 2 sticks spaced out about an inch in the middle of the square.
7. Poke holes in 2 more stick an inch away from the end.
8. In the other square glue the 2 sticks on each side 1/2 a inch away from the outside edge and put a paperclip through each hole (making the paperclip straight first).
9. Glue 3 popsical sticks together spanning about 24.5 cm in length.
10. Attach one end of the 3 sticks to the paperclip wire using string and glue.
11. Attach a rubber band to the stick that is on top of the vertical beams. The other end of the band wraps around the 3 sticks for the launch.
12. Take a pipe cleaner and wrap it around itself to make a shallow bowl. then wrap it in masking tape (be sure to keep the shape of the bowl).
13. Attach it to the top end of the catapult, about 1.5 inches away from the tip.
14. Test the catapult.

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You pull the arm back and hook the string onto the trigger. Upon pulling the trigger the tension of the rubber band will cause the arm to fling forward, but it will be stopped by a bar. The bar will cause the arm to stop but the cotton ball will not stop quite yet. "Objects in motion tend to stay in motion" is the key to this project being a success.

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1. Stabilize the popsicle sticks more.
2. Should have put the front paper clip over top of the popsicle stick instead of under.
3. Not positioned straight fro the launch.

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Popsicle Sticks
Hot Glue
Masking Tape
Rubber Band
Pipe Cleaner
Paper Clips
Cardboard
Small Nail
String
Cotton Ball
Dixie cup

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The ballista was first invented by the Greeks and later taken over by the Romans. The Romans improved the ballista so that it could fire an arrow or a spear 500 yards. The distance of the original balista couldn’t fire as nearly as long of distance as the ones the Romans built. The structure of the machine does not look stable and seems like it would tip right on over.

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Study.com, Study.com, study.com/academy/lesson/ballista-definition-history-facts.html.

Mangonel, www.ancientfortresses.org/mangonel.htm.

“Catapults.” Science Adventures, adventuresofscience.weebly.com/catapults.html.

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Unlike the ballista and the mangonel who uses tention to fire stones, the trebuchet uses a counter weight to launch the stones. The trebuchet is very powerful and can launch very far distances. But the downsides are that it is slow to fire and and very hard to move.

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Romans created the mangonel this time. When the catapult is released it swings until it hits a wooden beam, releasing the object. The purpose of this device was to make the enemy as uncomfortable as possible. They shot things such as stones, dead animals, and even fire. The only problem was this particular model is not very accurate so making it to its designed target is an accomplishment in itself.