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Throughout the research I have done about the term "implicit bias" in 'The Guardian', I have found out that black students are four time as likely to be suspended as white students.

According to the 2016 article and study conducted by Yale University professor Walter Gilliam, black people are generally seen as if they were 4-5 years older than they actually are, plus, black kids have higher chances of being treated as guilty, especially if the teacher is from another race. Notwithstanding people's ages, we judge and have an attitude or judgement on people with black skin color unconsciously. Although this brings numerous problems such as discrimination or unequal judgement, It is promising to see that many programs to erase the bias in teachers' minds are already in the process of development and it is even more promising to see that teachers have high motivation towards these. This also suggests that the bias is unconscious because if it was intentional, teachers would not have the will to correct their mistakeful behaviour.

I found this study interesting and helpful because it proves a decent point which many people would guess that it was present, but not really know what it is. Besides showing that implicit bias is real, this study also gives detailed information about what it actually means and therefore it could be used to prevent future bias which creates unequality.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/04/black-students-teachers-implicit-racial-bias-preschool-study

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ias - Koç School G11 Psychology
Search for 'implicit bias' on The Guardian website. Write about an article that caught your interest.
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Steven Morris
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Exposed: ‘racial bias’ in England and Wales criminal justice system

I found out that justice system in England and Wales is still biased against black people. Black people are more likely to be found guilty than the white people. They only make up 3% of the population in England and Wales but 12% of the population in prison is consisting of black people. If the prison population reflected the total population in England and Wales there would be 9000 fewer people in prisons.
It is also found that for every 100 white people convicted of public order crimes, there are 494 black and minor-ethnicity people convicted.
Only 7% of people working in the judiciary system are black and 19% in the Crown Prosecution Service.

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I've read about the article "Outnumbered Facebook and Google Algorithms", and it is about how search algorithms of big companies such as Facebook and Google utilises the data they've gathered from our input in an attempt to  create an intriguing and provoking ad for its users.

These algorithms contain their own biases, similar to us. These algorithms essentially break the sentences into keywords, and stick similar key terms together, similar to how you'd solve a puzzle. Although the outpost often doesn't make sense to us mortals, it is a broad recreation of how our brain works, forasmuch as our brain simply uses electro-magnetic signals that are emitted instead of binary codes, and matrices.
This article was specifically interesting amongst many others, as it drew a different path to our perception of how our genes work in harmony with our reason. The algorithms contain their own implicit biases, which essentially 🤬 them in  creating the most suitable output. This is embedded within their creation, just like how our genes and innate instincts -thanks to decades of evolution, play a crucial role in our initial reaction and thought regarding different situations. This is prominent in our reasoning of why discrimination, racism, contempt towards those whom are different than our conception of "normal"; as our genetic background are responsible for the implicit bias we have, which has saved the life of our species from the dark ages, to contemporary dates.

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I found out that women and people of color are less likely to pass the driving test in UK than white men. The data shows that black women had the lowest rate which is %32 and white men has the highest rate which is %56. There is a general belief that British women are tend to do worts in terms of employment and also ,in this case, in driving. However, there is no specific evidence that race or ethnicity affects individual's driving skills. Khan emphasizes that female drivers are less likely to be involved in accidents that men. 'The behavior post-license suggest women are safer and better drivers, so the pass rates require further explanation.' To conclude, it can be said that if women were given a change to drive without bias they actually have higher chance to have a higher rate of driving than man does. The misconception about gender in driving should be prevented.

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I found out that women and black people are significantly less likely than white man to pass their driving tests in the UK. Data released by the DVCA (Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency) show that black women had the lowest pass rates (32%) and white men the highest (56%). DVSA figures also show 89% of the driving test examiners are men, leaving just 21% of driving test examiners being women. There is a general gender bias that women are bad drivers and the results of this study show how this unconscious bias effect peoples' lives daily. “The behaviour post-licence suggests women are safer and better drivers, so the pass rates require further explanation.” Of course we need more detail on why candidates fail and can’t assume that the higher male pass rate is fair, but, aybe if they consider how the sex and race of driving instructors might play a role, along with pervasive stereotypes. That would give them a chance to counter any unconscious bias that exists.

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Human brain is predisposed to negative stereotypes, new study suggests

I found out that our brain is more likely to be predisposed to learn negative stereotypes. A neuroscientist at University College London, Hugo Spires’ study found that the brain responds more strongly to information about groups who were portrayed as ‘bad’,which also adds weight to the view that the negative depiction of ethnic or religious minorities in media can strengthen the racial bias and Spiers thinks that the newspapers’ have more negative ones stand out stories ,for example about Islam, than the positive ones. The scientists also uncovered that the brain’s specific area called the anterior temporal pole matches their acquisition of prejudice. Brain was not responding the bad and the good information equally.It was continued to respond stronger when it was about the behaviour of the “bad” group.  Also, another brain region, prefrontal cortex- which is involved in detecting anomalies in the world, lit up when participants were given information that went against stereotype.That response was stronger when the information was about ‘bad’ group member doing something good than for the reverse.
I choose this article because I wanted to learn about how our brains would react in case of bias. I think people’s response over ‘bad’ group member doing something good effects their brain activity is quite interesting.

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I found that black students are nearly four times as likely to be suspended as white students, and nearly twice as likely to be expelled. Teachers detect black students more. They also look older than they are. This is another reason why teachers observe them more carefully. It's main reason is implicit bias. Subconscious stereotype affects white teachers. By the researches the researcher worries about black people are seen as less than human, less deserving of dignity and respect. I think this is interesting because even the age doesn't matter to have racism. Even they are kids white teachers see them different. It is an implicit race bias and I think we can't escape from it. By this study people can actually learn how to not be implicit bias. The teachers in the experiment really in to change their behavior

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I found that  some machine learning algorithms, AI programs are picking up picking up deeply ingrained race and gender prejudices concealed within the patterns of language use. I think this article and research is interesting because it shows that even an AI program picks up implicit bias and associates some terms with some races and genders. Moreover, this reveals how our culture and language is pushing us to unconsciously have attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding and decision making.

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I found that women are likely to report misandry four times more than men report misogyny. I also found that the implicit bias that all women are discriminated against results in attacks on men. I think this is interesting because it is against a conventional notion and shows that sexism does not only influence women.

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“Bias in Britan: what can employers, the government and you do about it?

I found that individuals whose proffesion is within the business field such as employees, managers etc. also tend to deal with effects of unconscious bias and develop their thoughts about their secondary relationships ,with people who are in the business enviroment, with implicit bias without noticing. I also found out that such effect of unconscious bias could be minimalized through “name-blind recruiment” which is done by civil services. I think that the article is intresting because it that not only certain parts of life suffer from implicit bias, but it is present in every area of it even when it comes to running your proffesion.

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Teachers’ implicit bias against black kids start in preschool - ipek turker

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Teachers’ implicit bias against black kids start in preschool - ipek turker

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In a study led by Yale professor Walter Gilliam, research suggests that subconscious racial bias of teachers who directed attention more closely to black boys when “challenging behaviour” is expected.

The aim of the study was to test subconscious stereotypes that were held by white teachers. Researchers showed 135 educators videos of children in a classroom setting to the participants. Each of the videos showed contained a black boy, white girl, black girl and white boy. The participants were told that they were going to be tested on how they detect “challenging behaviour” in a clasroom. They were asked to press the enter key on a keypad every time they saw a behaviour that could become a potential challenge- while in fact there was no such behaviour. The results show that %42 of the teachers identified black boys exhibiting these types of behaviour, showing the teachers’ implicit bias against black students that start in preschool. I found this article very interesting due to how people can be easily shaped to generalize people - especially when we dont even know these people.

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I found out that, the judge in the Stanford sexual assault trial is presiding over a similar case in which a Latino man is facing a much harsher sentence than a white 20-year-old former Stanford swimmer.

Aaron Persky sentenced former Stanford student  to probation and six months in county jail  after he was convicted of sexually assaulting an unconscious woman. Whereas Raul Ramirez, a 32-year-old immigrant from El Salvador who admitted to sexually assaulting his female roommate in a case that has similarities with the Stanford case, will be sentenced to three years in state prison under a deal overseen by judge Aaron Persky.

The three-year-prison sentence, part of a plea agreement signed in March, provides a sharp contrast to the outcome for Turner, white former Stanford swimmer.

I think this is interesting because it shows that the power of implicit bias affects people's lives in such crucial manner and that it in unavoidable.

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"Are you guilty of unconscious bias about job roles?" by Sandra Ondraschek-Norris

This article explains how unconscious gender bias is actually present in both men and women in terms of associating specific job roles with specific genders. It also explains that we are all vulnerable to the influence of deeply held views and ideas which establish implicit bias on us.  I found out that personal biases are often reflected in organisations' talent management systems, which leads to an unconsciously biased decision-making process, especially in the promotion processes. This means that those who are in the top leadership positions of organisations (a sector predominantly composed of men) will influence how the organisation manages its talent spectrum so that those being promoted will often mirror the traits and biases of top leaders. This results upon a vicious cycle in which men continue to dominate the executive positions of organisations due to the likelihood of males getting promoted more easily to managerial positions.

I also found out that a Catalyst study had been conducted, in which senior managers were asked to rate leadership attributes, as either being associated with a man or a woman, and that the results showed that taking charge was perceived as a male trait, while taking care was associated with women.

This article has particularly interested me because I had previously conducted research on the obstacles women get to face in the workplace, and especially the hardships they face during the promotion process. This article was closely related with that topic and it suggested one of the obstacles of women in the workplace as the implicit biases that is present amongst people in the most senior managerial positions.

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Unconscious bias: most women believe sexism still exists but most men disagree by Margie Warrell

This article explains how implicit gender bias is present among both men and women alike, whether we are aware of it or not. It starts off by stating how 63% of women believe that sexism exists while only 41% of men concurred and that this is an integral part of the problem. The author then points out how the reason for these small statistics could lie under the fact that while sexism is prevalent, its abundance has led to its normalization rather than a heightened shared awareness. It is not because there "isn't" sexism, it's simply because sexism has been internalized to such an extent that people fail to notice the frequency of the sexist actions/remarks around them. The author provides several anecdotes in support of this argument, such as how parents expect their daughters to show more self control and politeness compared to their sons or how men tend to be promoted more due to their potential and women more due to their performance.

This article interested me because I have recently started to notice the extent to which everyone around me, including myself, and countless traditions, norms, or widespread concepts are sexist but there is no backlash since most people fail to notice the subtle gender discriminatory nature of their surroundings.

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I read an article on how research revealed that Artificial Intelligence programs exhibit racial and gender biases. According to the article the bias in the AI programs resulted from AI's ability to interpret everyday language. All forms of technology are getting better and better in interpreting everyday language and that is causing for the programs to absorb the deeply concealed  biases in the patterns of language use.

A computer scientist at the University of Bath called Joanna Bryson is disagreeing with the belief of the general population that AI is prejudiced by saying that in fact no AI but we humans are prejudiced and that the AI is learning it from us. But Bryson also adds that if AI programs are not programmed to have the explicit morals than the bias could also become explicit since there would be no driven morals to conceal the bias.

Technology learns language by representing words by numbers and because of this the tech learns to associate words with others in comparison to the way humans associate them. Which results in programs associating words such as 'woman' or 'female' with words like 'art' however, associating the word 'male' with the word 'maths'.

There is also a possibility that for example, if while recruiting we start using algorithms the identical CV's could have very different chances of being chosen just because of name. Which shows that there is bias even with names.

I chose this article because i think since AI and technology is our future and is inevitable, it means that people need to learn how to be fair and use it in the most optimal way possible. And even though we may think that technology can't be biased the amount that our prejudice influences everything around us is enormous.

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In the article I came across, the science correspondent Hannah Devin suggested that a new technique in reducing implicit bias has been discovered, which is 'sleep teaching'. Implicit bias can involve subconscious prejudice, where individuals don't know that they have, but show in their reactions to occasions. This was overcomed in Xiaoquing Hu's study in Northwestern University.

Firstly, in one condition, participants were shown female faces together with scientific or mathematical words and in the other condition they were shown faces of people with dark skin together with pleasant words. In each condition a sound was played. Then, paticipants slept for 90 minutes and in their deep sleep, the particular sound was played repeatedly. The results of the experiment suggests that implicit bias was reduced, that a test was conducted to the participants, but the article doesn't cover the content of the test.

The study is quite interesting because sleep is a state where individuals associate stimulus with their subconsciousness but for this reason, it might raise ethical issues.

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"You can't deny it. Gender studies is full of male-blaming bias"

I read an article about gender bias studies are biased itself. The article talks about how gender bias studies are focused on men. For example studies have men to female violence but not female to men violence even tough some research has shown that woman tend to boss men more likely than men to dominate woman.
The writer says that we do our gender researches focused on men but that doesn't bring equality because it is biased in that way.

I found this interesting because it talks about how we interpret bias biased s that our knowledge about bias is biased itself making everything biased even though we claim equality or justice. When you think about it we have an unconscious or implicit bias about biases and this is something that we all should think about.

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I read an article about recognising and overcoming unconscious bias written by Kelly Long. According to the article, 67% of the British public admits to feeling uncomfortable talking to a disabled person; gay and lesbian job seekers are 5% less likely to get an interview; and 80% of employers admit to making decisions based on regional accents. This reveals that the implicit bias doesn't just affect women as gender bias, it affects any minority group. The article also gives some tips to overcome implicit bias such as reviewing your internal conversation, developing a core value system etc. I found this article interesting because in everyday life, people struggle and they are being judged because of who they are. Implicit bias is another way of doing that to people with no reason and seeing this situation with facts and figures might help us to be more mindful about our judgements.

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The article I read was written by labour MP David Tammy who suggests that discrimination against black individuals in England might be even worse than that in America. MP found that there is greater "disproportionality" of black people in prison in England than in US: Black people make 3% percent of the overall population in England, whereas they make up 12% of the population in English prisons. So the ratio of the black population in English prisons is four times that of the overall population. On the other hand, America- a country know for the disputes it had over discrimination against black people- has a ratio of approximately 3 to 1. Hence, MP concludes that England , although not as stark as America's, suffers a greater deal from discrimination. Armed with these facts, he suggests that England should adopt Germany's approach  to assessing the maturity of younger offenders.

I found this very interesting because I would have never guessed that English people would discriminate more than America against black individuals since America is infamous for its past policies against black people. Also I found the MP developed and proved his argument with ratios.

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The article that I read states that according to statistics from the Implicit Association Test (IAT), very few of us are totally without prejudice of one form or another. Project Implicit is a project based at Harvard University that aims to measure people's preferences for certain social groups over others. Researchers at Harvard devised a form of questionnaire that measures the associations we make between "good" and "bad" and so on.

Participants are given two sets of images and two lists of words: one with positive associations and the other with negative associations. The images and words are set to flash up at random on a computer screen, and participants make their selections when the words flash up at the same time as one of the sets of images. Their response times are recorded. The images will be either of black or white people, male or female, young or old, depending on which bias researchers are testing. When the researchers asked the participants to make the link between a pair that goes against  participants' implicit associations, it will take them longer to overcome their bias.

More than 4.5 million people have taken some version of the test online, and data collected indicates that the majority of the people have a slight preference for their own race, and that more than 80% of the people have a bias against the elderly.

I found this very interesting because even though I try to not be prejudiced, unconsciously I am also prejudiced. Sometimes it can be difficult to determine whether someone feels prejudiced against another person, but we are not doing this because we are good at masking our true feelings, we may not even be aware of that.

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"Teachers' implicit bias against black students starts in preschool"

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"Teachers' implicit bias against black students starts in preschool"

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The article that I read depicts the subconscious racial bias of teachers, who directed attention more closely to black boys when ‘challenging behaviour’ is expected.

In a study led by Yale professor Walter Gilliam which aims to test subconscious stereotypes held by white teachers. Researchers showed teachers 135 educators videos of children in a classroom setting. Each video had a black boy and girl, and a white boy and girl. The teachers were told that they were tested how they detect challenging behaviour in the classroom and asked to press the enter key on the external keypad every time they see a behaviour that could become a potential challenge while actually no such behaviour existed in any of the videos. 42% of the teachers identified the black boy which suggests that teachers implicit bias against black students which even starts in preschool.

I chose this article because the results of the study portrays the tragic discrimination applied by teachers to innocent black preschool children. It is important to realise that if children grow under circumstances which provokes them to discriminate, they will normalise discrimination. Teachers must be educated to act equally for every student.

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"Human brain is predisposed to negative stereotypes, new study suggests" by Hannah Devlin
The article I read was about how the brain unconsciously links undesirable traits to specific groups which leads to prejudice over time. Brain scans were taken while the participants were shown several "good" and "bad" information. They discovered the brain area responsible for prejudice was the anterior temporal pole. By watching the brain activity in this area, they were able to "mathematically track prejudice." The results were that the brain did not respons equally to "good" and "bad" information about specific groups. While the brain activity when "good" information diminished quickly, the brain activity when bad information was strong and grew in time. This study showed how our brain unconsciously forms negative stereotypes about groups compared to positive stereotypes which results in implicit bias.
This article was interesting to me because we have already learned a study which uses brain scans to investigate the brain activity towards different groups. but we didn't learn how the brain links the neagtive stereotypes to these groups. This article demonstrates how implicit bias is shown in our brain which was very excitng to read.

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The article that I chose mentions about the statistics regarding the survival rates of patients in hospital emergency departments and how it pertains to the ethnicity bias. While trauma is one of the most top reasons of death in US for people under 47, it has been identified that black and Hispanic patients have less likelihoods of survival compared to white patients (approximately  20% to 50 % less).

According to the article, the root of this disparity is much more hidden, in the unconscious minds of the healthcare providers who come from -mostly- upper classes. When the IAT were conducted on doctors, it was revealed that 70% showed unconscious preferences towards white patients.

I found the article even more interesting when I read the following line, "National Academy of Sciences surveying 222 white medical students and residents found that 50% of them believed black patients felt less pain than white patients, and so required less medication." It is unbelievable that people who spend years for education of human anatomy and health can actually think that people feel pain differently according to their races. This shows that even science and education may fail to break down the walls of implicit prejudice

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I read an article called

"Revealed: the stark evidence of everyday racial bias in Britain" that investigated the effect of implicit bias on the British population and how big of a problem it actually still is  in society.

Researchers prepared a survey which was taken by 1000 people from ethnic minorities and 1797 white people.

The survey done revealed that proportionally more than twice as many people from ethnic minorities felt unfairness in their work environment and promotions in comparison with the white population. People from ethnic minorities were found to be three times more likely to be thrown out of or restricted entrance from a restaurant or club. Wrong suspicions of shoplifting, abuse or rudeness from strangers and feeling discriminated all had much larger percentages for people from ethnic minorities.

The findings were described as "everyday micro-aggressions that have profound effects on Britain's social structure." which is completely true.

In my opinion, this study displays how major of a social issue discrimination still is in the 21st century and how populations, even the most cosmopolitan ones such as the population of UK, are still affected by implicit bias showcasing a need for great change which is interesting.

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The article I read was titled "How blind auditions help orchestras to eliminate gender bias" it talked about how orchestras began using blind auditions In the 1970s and 1980s in order to eliminate bias against women. In a blind audition Candidates are placed on a stage behind a screen to play for a jury that cannot see them. This method helped increase the population of females in orchestras. The article states that In the 1970s, the top five orchestras in the U.S. had fewer than 5% women. In the 1980s the top orchestras had 10% female musicians and by 1997 they were up to 25% and today some of them consist of more than 30% women. This shows how the blind auditions increased the percentage of women in orchestras.

The article talks about how this kind of a procedure could be conducted in other aspects of life such as whilst hiring and promoting , with grant applications and while reviewing scholarly articles.

I think this is an interesting article because it shows the effect of implicit bias on many aspects of life and suggests a reasonable application in order to decrease such cases.

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"Why do black students quit university more often than their white peers?"

Georgina Lawton

The article talks about how university staff's implicit bias can threaten black students' education, since globally, %6.9 of black students drop out of university mainly due to the racial bias that they experience.

The article includes experiences of black students in various universities, in the UK or the US. They say their main problem is not that other students are racist against them, but that when they consult counselors or professors about this problem, they are often disregarded and treated as if they are exaggerating the problem, so they don't feel protected.

Although obviously the university staff isn't explicitly racist, they show implicit bias by undermining the problems black students go through, which comes to the point of making black students drop out of the universities that they worked so hard to get in.

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“Unconscious bias: most women believe sexism still exists but most men disagree”

Margie Warrell

The article includes a study from Pew Research Center that demonstrated the difference of outlooks on sexism between the two genders. While 63% of women believe that there still has to be progress made in gender equality, 41% of men agreed with this statement. But further studies have found that women also do have unconscious bias towards their own gender.

I thought these results were intriguing  as they exhibit the real cause of the problem, that we are not even aware of our tendencies. The current problem with misogyny isn’t grand topics like the lack of female leadership or education, it is that both of the genders have embedded an unnoticed bias in their everyday lives. How can we try to solve a problem when we don’t even realize that we are the cause?

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“Hillary Clinton to NAACP: 'We cannot rest until racial bias is rooted out’” by Jamiles Lartey

The article includes several claims made by Hillary Clinton addressing the clear evidence that African Americans are disproportionately killed in police incidents compared to any other group, and African American men are far more likely to be stopped and searched by the police, charged with crimes and sentenced to longer prison terms than white men convicted of the same offenses. She adds by saying “We cannot rest until we root out implicit bias and stop the killings of African Americans.”

I found this article interesting because the fact that Hillary Clinton, a president nominee, has recognized the power of implicit bias. This illustrates how implicit bias can be used to explain even vicious acts like this one. (explanatory power) It also shows how implicit bias must never be neglected while examining a situation as since they are acts of humans, it will be present unconsciously due to culture, our perception of society and the brain’s awareness of patterns and generalizations in society.

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'Black Americans failed by inherently biased legal system, ABA president says'

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'Black Americans failed by inherently biased legal system, ABA president says'

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The article i read involves very depressing statistics regarding African Americans. Paulette Brown, the first black female president of the American Bar Association, attributes  these significant numbers mostly to implicit bias.

For example, 53% of African-American youths who are arrested under the age of 18 are charged as adults, even in the case of 13 or 14 year olds. And there’s no evidence that black people use druggs more than whites, yet they are arrested at a rate more than six times than that of their white counterparts for drug use. These very depressing statistics make more sense when considered within the context of implicit bias  with the knowledge that ninety-five percent of all prosecutors in the US are white and 88% of all lawyers are white.

According to Brown, these statistics are self-explanatory but not to be accepted. She says that the ABA is trying to prevent the (mostly) implicit association of black with bad and white with good getting in the way of the law taking place justfully.

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"Only two black head chefs in UK's Michelin-starred restaurants"

Aamna Mohdin

The study found that out of all of the Michelin starred restaurants in the UK, only 12 percent are from ethnic minorities. The article also talks about the stigma around cuisine from African and Asian cultures and how they are seen more as street food or as less prestigious than of European cuisine. Some of the chefs who did not want to identify themselves talk about how it is harder for a black person to succeed as a highly prestigious chef and how they are more critically judged than their white counterparts.

I find this idea to be prevalent in many modern countries where people of color have to work harder simply to overcome a sense of prejudice that was formed even before meeting or getting to know the qualifications of the candidate. It shows how many areas of work limit itself by succumbing to the implicit bias embedded by societal norms. Although qualified, many people do not get hired for prestigious positions due to implicit bias and this is simply a loss of potential and productivity for the economy, as well as being unfair. I chose this article because i think it is important to recognize the privilege our skin color brings, no matter education or qualification. For students not who are going to be leaders in the future, it it extremely crucial to recognize implicit bias and make a change in the corporate and social world.

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Revealed: bias faced by minorities in UK driving tests

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Revealed: bias faced by minorities in UK driving tests

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A study has revealed that there is a notable difference between pass rates of different ethnic groups. Researchers haven't been able to determine the exact reason as to why that is the case but they claim implicit bias might be the underlying reason behind this finding. They also found that males also have a higher pass rate than females, despite females taking part in less accidents overall. The results suggest race or gender has no effect on one's driving ability, but the findings show white males have the highest chance of getting a licence, while black women have it the hardest. Researchers are skeptical the gender and race of the examiners might be at play here, as only 21% of driving test examiners are female with a majority being white.

I found these findings interesting as they demonstrate implicit biases may be influencing our opinions about people in many more ways than I previously thought. It shows our inner biases can perhaps be the reason behind some of our misconceptions regarding people of other races or gender.

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Revealed: bias faced by minorities in UK driving tests

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Exclusive: equality groups say 'depressing' figures reveal racial bias being applied in practical examinations

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I found out a study carried last year the BBC’s Inside Out London sent out CVs from two candidates, Adam and Mohamed, who had identical skills and experience, in response to 100 job opportunities. Adam was offered 12 interviews and Mohamed four.Similar studies have been carried out overseas, yielding similar results. These studies suggest that the amount of bias is high even in authority figures in business industries. This is caused by implicit bias, in which people are unconciously biased. I think this is an important issue to talk about because implicit bias can influence people’s life in negative ways.

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“Why Starbucks shouldn't be praised for its misguided racism workshops”
by Hina Tai

This article talks about the depiction of the infamous "Starbucks Case" on the media, and whether it's a case of implicit or explicit bias.

On April 10th of this year, a video of a Starbucks manager calling the cops on two black men went viral. In the manager's defense, the two men were occupying the table without making a purchase. The media framed the incident as a case of racism which arose from implicit bias. This depiction made things easier for Starbucks because they could blame their employer's conscious actions on the unconscious, inevitable, inescapable, implicit bias. In order to avoid any kind of legal liability, Starbucks announced that they were, too, planning on conducting implicit bias workshops for their employees like other big-name companies such as Netflix and Google.

The general public didn't like that. What Starbucks planned on doing, was nothing more than a neoliberal PR stunt: It was an easy way out. Instead of coming up with genuine solutions which could have been a lot more complex, time-consuming, expensive, but potentially more effective, Starbucks had went with "implicit bias workshops"(!)

Recognizing the critical role of implicit bias in racial disparities is important, but this case isn't about implicit bias; it’s far from it. And if Starbucks is blaming everything on implicit bias because it's unconscious, the workshops won't change a thing, at least not until Starbucks takes the blame for what happened.

I enjoyed reading this article because it made me think about how the media can twist the obvious sometimes, in order to create a getaway for big companies. Sure, implicit bias affects everyone and anyone unconsciously, but it's our conscious that makes such explicit decisions at the end of the day. We can't just blame all of our actions on implicit bias, conduct workshops, cross our fingers, and hope for the best. It will do more harm than good.

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Why Starbucks shouldn't be praised for its misguided racism workshops | Hina Tai

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The line between implicit bias and explicit bias can become murky at times, but the Starbucks incident is a clear case of explicit bias and to call it anything less is outrageous

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I read an article named “The Trauma Trap” which examined if the survival rates of the patients from trauma were based on race. Collected data from 429,751 patients and 700 hospitals indicated that Black patients and patients with other ethnic minorities have higher death rates for traumatic injuries compared to white patients. Besides hospitals’ self-seeking approach thus disregarding patients with no insurance-which are mostly Black and people from other minority ethnics- from the research it was found that bias from healthcare providers also plays a role in this high death rates from trauma. The unconscious belief that black or other ethnic minority people deserve trauma due to their socioeconomic backgrounds, “being from the wrong side of the town” and also, the belief that black people feel less pain, thus less medication is needed cause discriminated treatment for the patients. As the IAT score of surgeons, doctors and nurses shows, 70% of them preferred white patients which is reflected in the results of black patients being 20% more likely to become the victims of implicit bias. I found this article really interesting as it made me realize surgical decision making is mostly subjective, influenced by implicit bias and leads to discrimination between patients based on race and socioeconomic background. It was surprising to find out how unavoidable and influential implicit bias is even in deathly situations like the treatment of trauma.

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I found that 80% of people have a bias according to Harvard psychologists’ long-running online project. For example, in a game that players are supposed to shoot only people with weapons, people are more likely to shoot black targets who don’t carry weapons.

Xiaoqing Hu designed a study to decrease and solve the problem of race and gender biases. Participants were given pictures of female faces and some words linked to maths or science, and also they were given pictures of  black faces and pleasant words. Within that period they were given two distinctive sounds. One of the sounds is associated with the gender pairs and the other one is associated with the race pairs. When the participants finished the task, they took a 90 minute nap.  During the nap, one of the sounds was played repeatedly. Results of the study indicates that participants bias scores decreased by 56%. Participants were tested one week later and new results showed that their scores remained reduced by around 20%.

Researchers suppose that the study can be used to reduce other kinds of biases and bad habits such as smoking and bad eating habits.

I chose this article because it shows how implicit bias affect people’s attitudes and actions. Also it is interesting since it includes a strategy that can reduce the bias permanently.

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Gender and racial bias can be 'unlearnt' during sleep, new study suggests

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Playing auditory cues during sleep partially undid biases, raising possibility of using the technique to make permanent behavioural changes

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The article I read was titled “How can we fix unconscious racism?” and it was about how the tendency of children to categorize information and make generalizations with very limited data feeds racism.

Although it is a natural learning mechanism, this causes children to be immensely affected by the information they get from their environment. Especially when their interaction with a specific group is limited, as they will receive the input from sources such as media or parents, which leads them to carry possibly prejudiced opinions (as most of them are due to the use of media as a tool for propaganda). This becomes an issue with racism as skin color is a salient aspect and thus used by the children to categorize because of its dominance over the other visual features.

The study suggests that in order to eliminate prejudices based on stereotypes and racism, the environment children grow up in must be free of biased opinions, otherwise they will simply adapt the similar ideas.

This article was particularly interesting for me as it tried to explain racism through how human mind processes information to use it as a tool for prediction and prevent dangerous situations with the minimum number of data in order to increase the chances of survivor. A similar approach might as well be used in AI algorithms to produce results faster by sacrificing accuracy, which was what I found fascinating about this article.

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'How blind auditions help orchestras to eliminate gender bias'

The article I read was about how orchestras started using blind auditioning method to select musicians. the researches show that in the late 1970's orchestras had fewer that 5% women. In 1980's the orchestras started to use blind auditioning and the rate of women in the orchestra raised to 10 % and by 1997 the amount had risen to 25%.  It is found that with the blind auditioning method  women are 50% more likely to make it to the final cut The article shows the impact own blind auditioning has a great impact in eliminating females and increasing the female population in orchestras.

The article discusses if this could be used in workplaces and university applications but knowing the gender doesn't fully eliminate implicit bias when reading an application. researchers have found that women have a lower success rate than men in job applications.

I think this article is interesting because I always thought that music had no gender and I could never be classified as a male occupation. It is interesting how men get to do something and women don't because of their gender. ıf orchestras have noticed the discrimination it means that gender bias is being noticed after all. This shows that there is still hope and a chance for women to be equal and that there are ways to fight gender stereotyping.

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The article I read was

"Teachers' implicit bias against black students starts in preschool, study finds". The article first talked about a study in which pre-school teachers were asked to detect "challenging behavior" in videos that were filmed in a pre-school classroom. Although the videos did not contain any "challenging behavior" at all most of the teachers thought that the black students needed more attention than the others,especially the boys. However, the good news from the article was that the teachers who were diagnosed with implicit bias were willing to attend anti-bias workshops.

I chose this article because I consider the education sector the most significant one when it comes to topics like discrimination. If an individual manages to be unprejudiced towards other groups they owe this partially to their education. But if even the people giving the education are biased we can't expect the next generation to be unbiased. That's why, I think that this is an issue that should be fixed.

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“Why Teachers Must Fight Their Own Implicit Biases”

From what I’ve observed, teachers are usually open to improving themselves, changing their teaching styles in a way that benefits the students and to new students. This article, written by a teacher with 15 years of experience, suggests that many teachers have implicit bias towards students based on their past experiences, the students’ appearance, their mannerisms, and many more things. This leads to their expectations lowering from the students that possess the qualities that they view as ‘unsuccessful students’ qualities’. Therefore, the grades they give to the students might be affected in an unfair way due to their perception of the students. It might also benefit some students as they possess the ‘successful students’ qualities’ which contribute positively to their teachers’ views about them.

Most kids are proven to view their teachers’ low expectations as their reality so they begin to lack confidence in their academic abilities, just like their teachers.

This study really attracted my attention because I first handedly experienced implicit bias from and towards my teachers. Reading more about its effects on our learning abilities and our relationships with our teachers made me reflect on what I’m doing right and/or wrong myself. I have noticed that most kids show interest in the topics that their teachers have confidence in them. They give up on the other topics where they feel their teachers’ negative views them and their abilities.

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"Do Google's 'unprofessional hair' results show it is racist?"
Leigh Alexander

2 Jul 2018

The article was about how the algorithm that google image search used lead people to images of African hair when searched 'unprofessional hair' and how this kind of lack of diversity was also seen for other key terms. For example when 'woman' was searched, majority of the images were of white woman. The author argued that this reflected the implicit bias people had towards certain groups since the image search is based on the tags, comments, titles etc. associated with the image. She concluded that this was reinforcing an idea that white people were superior, implicitly.

I chose this article for plenty of reasons. To start with, it shows both a cause and an effect of implicit bias which shows how this is a loop. To break a loop, not doing anything will not do anything; we should take action. Secondly, I saw how this have affected my beauty standards as someone who lives in Turkey and usually doesn't see any African or Asian people around I especially when I was little, really believed that whiter skin was the most beautiful. This made me see some negative aspects of globalization and how some biased values become the norm. Lastly, I remembered watching documentaries about harmful chemical products that whiten the skin in countries such as India: majority is already brown. This made realise the roots of the problem.

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I read an article called "The trauma trap: what's causing inequalities in emergency care?" by David Cox which was published this year. The article was about the affect of implicit bias of nursed and doctors on the survival rate of patients with trauma injuries.

I found that in the US, black insured patients had a 20% more likelihood of death than white insured patients. When black uninsured patients were compared to white insured patients, the percentage became 80%. The IAT test was done on doctors, trainee surgeons and nurses and the results showed that 70% showed unconscious preferences towards white patients.

I chose this article because I thought that it is interesting how implicit bias, which is something that is automatic and unconscious, can affect the lives of so many people. Hospitals and trauma care centers are supposed to be unbiased to treat every patient equally and with researches done by Dr David Metcalfe and Dr Adil Haider this idea was proven to be wrong. The researches showed significant differences between patients with different races and socioeconomic backgrounds which I thought was unethical.

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''How can we fix unconscious racism?''

From what I've learned, the roots of stereotyping in children and how the 'implicit bias' forms in them lies within their environment. If we don’t have the opportunity to interact with individuals of a different race at a young age, then the information we have comes from other sources such as the media or people’s opinions. As these can be biased in positive or negative ways, the stereotypes we form can also be biased and inaccurate. The reason for this is because children tend to remember more positive things about the members of their in-group and more negative things about the members of the out-group.

The article consisted of a study, explaining this, where Asian children and adults were shown pictures of both Asian and African people and results showed that both children and adults gave happy faces to their race, which is their in-group, and an angry face to their out-groups, which are a contradicting race to theirs.

I found this article interesting because it not only talks about the roots of racism and stereotyping, but it also talks about how it's preventable. And it is shocking to see that even a 5 year old can have biases about a contradicting race, even if it doesn't explicitly mention it. This bias forms within the effect of our environment and we do have a bias about other races even if we don't think we have them. If we did not grow up in a fairly diverse environment, then we rely on media's or other people's opinion about other races, which might not be positive all the time, and this is the main reason why most people have an unconscious bias against certain races-- stereotyping.

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I read an article about conservatories making blind auditions where musicians perform behind a screen to get more women into the rankings. The previous researches show that as late as 1970, the top five orchestras in the U.S. had fewer than 5% women. It wasn't until 1980 that any of these top orchestras had 10% female musicians. But by 1997 they were up to 25% and today some of them are well into the 30s.

Yet, this article shows making a blind auditions in preliminary rounds in orchestras has huge impact on the increase in female population. Researchers have determined that this step alone makes it 50% more likely that a woman will advance to the finals.

This research aroused my curiosity because I have always wondered why would in such a popular and professional the TV show "The Voice" judges choose contestants without looking their posture on the stage? After reading it, I realized that unconscious bias has become so inevitable that even the most professionals in their expertise cannot make decisions purified from it.

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"How can we fix unconscious racism?"

This article suggests that racist stereotypes, at their root, arise from a learning mechanism.
Humans are able to learn and adapt quickly because they are likely to make generalizations about everything they see, and go through. I found that babies are not born by believing that any group is better than another but they do attend to race surprisingly early. From 9 months, they are quicker to recognise faces and facial expressions of their own race than of other races. Therefore, if we don’t have the opportunity to interact with individuals belonging to a different race, then the information we have about a racial category has to come from other sources such as the media or opinions of others. As these can be biased in positive or negative ways, the stereotypes we form can also be biased and inaccurate.
On tests of unconscious racial bias about 70% show a preference for their own race. According to the research, this type of implicit racial biases, can develop as young as 3 years of age, meaning that most of the stereotypes people have towards different races were developed at young ages, by being affected from our environment.

I chose this article because it is interesting how implicit bias affect the lives of many, and how racial discrimination is developed by a learning mechanism. This study interested me, as it demonstrated how we are affected from our environment at such a young age. In my opinion, this study portrays how much it's important for parents to raise their children in a positive environment to prevent discrimination. The way we are raised, does not only influence us; it has an impact on everyone.

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I read an article called “Unconscious bias: most women believe sexism still exists but most men disagree“. This article showed that 63% of women  believe that sexism has not been solved but still exists. On the other hand, 59% of men believe that sexism is not a thing anymore.

I chose this article because this is the point of implicit bias. People think that they are not sexist but unconsciously they are which leads to sexism still existing. The article I have read underlines that the problem of sexism still existing is because people think they are not sexist when they are. The study in the article confirms that even women are sexist against their own gender. This article is interesting to me because it shows that the main reason sexism is still a thing is because of the implicit biases of the people who think they are not sexists.

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I read an article called;

"Teachers' implicit bias against black students starts in preschool", which underlined the fact that, implicit bias due to race is a present issue in the education sector. I found out that, teachers in preschools (as well as in high schools, etc.) tend to punish, expel black students more, compared to white students. In the study, 135 teachers were asked to watch videos of four kids (one white boy, one white girl, one black boy, one black girl) and then, identify the student that showed the most challenging behaviors. 42 percent of the teachers chose the black boy as the child "that required the most attention", although none of the children had performed a challenging action.

The reason I found this study interesting was because I was shocked to see a huge amount of bias in a sector (education) that should actually teach the kids of tomorrow not to judge a human based on his/her physical appearance, ethnicity. I now think that, even in a place that might have the least implicit bias compared to other sectors of the world, there is a big issue that definitely needs to be solved as soon as possible.

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I read an article about a research, which was carried out in prisons of England and Wales. The results show that there is implicit bias against black people or BAME (black, Asian, minority ethnic). The results highlighted the fact that young black people are nine times more likely to be locked up in Wales and England than white people. The BAME proportion of young prisoners rose from 25% in 2006 to 41% this year.
I think that this is interesting because still, what we call 'justice' is not the way we define it in real life and that it is just on paper. Even though we see many examples of racial bias, we do not take action to stop it.

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The article that I found is titled “Half Likely To”. I found out that black patients were half as likely to receive pain medication as white patients. The findings of  a study published shows that there is implicit racial bias in the emergency room. The study found out that in the emergency room a black person is half likely to get pain medication for ‘non-definitive’ pain. To determine whether there was a racial bias in pain medication prescriptions, the researchers looked at more than 60m records of pain-related emergency department visits from 2007 to 2011 for people aged 18 to 65. Five conditions were examined and divided into two categories: definitive and non-definitive. The first referred to conditions that were easily diagnosed – kidney stones and long-bone fractures – and the second to conditions that are not: toothache, abdominal pain and back pain. Black patients had about half the odds of being prescribed opioids compared to white patients for non-definitive conditions

I choose this article because. I would like to become a doctor in the near future I plan to apply to a medical school and I want to learn the effects implicit bias has on the health industry. Also, this study suggests a bigger problem. This shows that patients are less likely to receive medication due to their color of skin. Discrimination is a big problem that people the people are facing and I want to learn more about decreasing discrimination.

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The article is titled

"From football to dating to TV: 10 areas rife with racial bias in UK" and it highlights some examples regarding how implicit/unconscious bias is affecting the lives of many United Kingdom Citizens, especially through racism and discrimination.

In cancer care, African and Black Caribbean women are more likely to get diagnosed with breast cancer than their white counterparts, and it is speculated that this is due to the brochures they receive containing white oriented actors and messages and due to this them not going to cancer check ups as often.

On TV and books as well, despite the UK population being of 14% minority the representation on media does not reflect these numbers.

School children of Gypsy and Irish backgrounds were suspended or expelled much more than others in the past year.

On dating apps, "black men and women are 10 times more likely to message white users than the reverse" states the article. This is an interesting statistic, it made me thank about how these kinds of social implicit bias usually is disregarded and through technology new data was uncovered.

It lists many more areas in life where implicit bias is actively participating in racism and discrimination towards individuals, including Football coaching, universities, police treatment, healthcare, teaching, home ownership.

This article was a wake up call to me as it reminded although we look up to Western countries in many social aspects, they too are influenced by implicit bias and so can we. Although, I believe in Turkey, as we are constantly encouraged to interact with individuals of all backgrounds we are more aware of our biasses and how we may choose to avoid them.

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I read an article called “Is Implicit Bias a Useful Scientific Concept” composed by Lawrence T. White Ph.D.. The article deliberates the message of “measures of unconscious bias have a limited ability to predict actual behavior”. The article gives a thorough explanation about implicit bias which is; one group having an unconscious prejudice where they are favored ,and the other group is not.

In the article the writer conveys the knowledge that in the past years racial prejudice has decreased in a immense amount yet that it still exists. It is possible to observe that darker skinned people have less access to several opportunities in real life in such situations ,as job interviews, housing, education and health care. The most common way for testing implicit bias is using the test IAT where there are a variety of adjectives and the audience is expected to match the adjectives with White and black faces. According to the speed the person matches the positive adjectives with White and black faces the test concludes one of the two main ideas “White= good” or  “black=bad”. A study that investigated implicit bias was the study of Banaji & Greenwald, 2016. Some of the findings of the study are; more than two thirds of the White people concluded that White=good also half of the black people said White=good. Another result that was concluded from this study was that “About 75% of men associate “male & work” and “female & family” more quickly than the opposite pairings, but 80% of women do the same thing.” It is also possible to say that this study reliable because there is a standardised procedure and it is replicable.

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I found an article about a study that was carried out in Yale University which highlighted preschool teacher's implicit bias against black kids, especially black boys. Throughout years it is concluded that in school, white teachers are more likely to suspend or even expel the black students rather than kids within their own race. The results of the study that was conducted in Yale Child Study Centre suggests that this disparity in teacher's actions may be an outcome of implicit bias. As the procedure of the experiment, videos of preschoolers engaging with various activities were shown to 135 educators and they were told to observe any behavior that seems as a potential challenge and they were asked to press 'enter' on the keypad when they observe any behavior that can cause a potential challenge. Even though no challenging behavior that may lead to a potential challenge existed in the video, %42 of the teachers identified the black boy as the student that requires attention more than others. The results of the study reflects the bitter reality of the society, people are prejudice towards black people in the society and even teachers are a part of it. Even though this prejudice occurs unconsciously because of implicit bias, it affects lives of many individuals.

I found this study which reflects the bitter reality interesting because even though I was aware of prejudice towards black people in the society because of stereotypes and implicit bias, the fact that people are exposed to this kind of a discrimination at an very early age hit me. A child shouldn't be discriminated because of his/her skin color because the negative effect this discrimination has on the individual is likely to effect them throughout their life. The study helps to question our behavior towards others because even if we do things unconsciously, our behavior may effect the future life of the individual.

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I read an article about the passing rates of driving tests in the UK. Women and people of colour are more likely to fail the driving test. White men are significantly more likely to pass the test. Figures released by the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) after a freedom of information request show black women had the lowest pass rates (32%) and white men the highest (56%). The figures, covering 2008-17, also show all women had a pass rate of 43% and all men 50%. It caught my attention because still in 2018, racial acts and behaviors are limiting other’s freedom. The test should be objective but subjective attitude (racial bias) is observed. This implicit bias creates a stereotype threat to other’s who read this article or aware of this issue which decreases the rate of female and colored people passing the test. Thus it creates anxiety and depression because they feel isolated from society by not being able to drive while they are physically able to do.

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I found a that black patients half as likely to receive pain medication as white patients. The stuy found tha
Findings show racial bias in emergency room prescriptions for ‘non-definitive’ pain, as advocates say lack of diversity in medical field may exacerbate situation

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I read an article about preschool teacher's implicit bias against black boys.  Yale Child Study Center's experiment on 135 both black and white educators showed that  42% of the teachers expected a challenging behavior from the black and male kid. The experiment procedure was to show the educators  a video of one black boy, one black girl, one white boy and one white girl in a classroom. They were told that  clips may or may not contain challenging behaviors and they were asked to  press the enter key on the external keypad every time they see a behavior that could become a potential challenge. The results were heartbreaking as the majority of teachers identified the black boy with being the potential challenge. It was also suggested that teachers showed more empathy to students of their race. Thus it was concluded that implicit bias starts to show its negative effects when kids are only 4 or 5 and are at kindergarten.
I found this study very interesting, because I think implicit bias of teachers in preschool can lead to bias in many other areas, since kids tend to look up to the adults behaviors and learn from them at that young age. I think, those kids being exposed to such discriminating behaviors would be carrying the negative effects even years later and that made me concerned.

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I`ve read an article about how black federal district judges in America are more likely to be overruled than their white counterparts as explained by a Harvard University study. The study thus reveals how the outcome of a case does not solely depend on the law or on the case itself, but also depends on the ethnicity of the judge as well. I think this study shows the extent to which implicit bias can affect the proper functioning of the legal system, which might give rise to potential problems regarding the issues of justice and equality. This study thus suggests that implicit bias is not only a problem encountered in everday social interactions, but has many wide-scale implications regarding how we have constructed our systems as well.

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I read an article called 'Bias in Britain: Renting Property (Guardian)' which investigates how the name of a room-seeker determines the likelihood of receiving a positive response from the room owner. Researchers posted almost 1000 online advertisements for rooms in the UK under the name of either 'David' or 'Muhammad'. They found out that 'David' received more positive or neutral responses than 'Muhammad'. Also, 'Muhammad' was more likely to be enquired about his financial, social background and private life when he makes an offer to a room owner. Although each citizen possesses the natural right of accommodation and renting, the implicit bias or prejudice against people with different religious backgrounds can hinder the implementation of this right. The reason why this study has interested me a lot is because it sheds light on how overcrowded neighborhoods in metropolitans with high populations of minorities have evolved.

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I found out a study carried last year the BBC’s Inside Out London sent out CVs from two candidates, Adam and Mohamed, who had identical skills and experience, in response to 100 job opportunities. Adam was offered 12 interviews and Mohamed four.Similar studies have been carried out overseas, yielding similar results. These studies suggest that the amount of bias is high even in authority figures in business industries. This is caused by implicit bias, in which people are unconciously biased. I think this is an important issue to talk about because implicit bias can influence people’s life in negative ways.

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FIRST SAY WHAT YOU FOUND I found that Starbucks spends millions on implicit bias reduction workshops for its employees. Some research suggests say that this is an invalid training program which might actually cement a person's implicit biases. NOW EXPLAIN WHY YOU CHOSE THIS ARTICLE I think that this is interesting because it suggests that the millions spent on reducing implicit bias by big corporations may be being wasted and may be harmful to efforts to reduce prejudice and discrimination.

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I found that in the late 1970s, the top 5 orchestras in the U.S had less than 5% women due to unconscious gender bias. In an attempt to overcome this, they revised their hiring practices and now candidates are situated at the back of the stage where nobody can see them so that women have greater chance of being selected. According to research, gender blind evaluations  (evaluation without knowing the sex of the person) have a powerful impact as it makes it 50% more likely that woman will be offered positions. I found this interesting as it shows that there is a way to fight off those silent implicit stereotypes.

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I found that playing auditory cues while sleeping can undo unconscious racial and gender bias, which was revealed by a study conducted by Xiaoqing Hu. The study also underlines that it is possible to permanently alter any undesired behavior during sleep through targeted memory reactivation although strict ethical guidelines will be needed for that since individuals are not conscious and thus vulnerable during the state of sleep. I found this quite interesting because it suggests that our implicit biases and other social stigmas as well as bad habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol can be reduced via a simple audio strategy, which would obviously help make the world free of prejudice and discrimination.