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--> The first type are the Atrioventricular (AV) valves.
* located b/w atrial and ventricular chambers on each side
* prevent backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract
*hang limply into the ventricles, anchored to the walls by chordae tendineae
*contraction of the ventricles -> causes pressure inside to rise -> then AV-valve flap closes the valve.
*are open during heart relaxation, closed while ventricles are contracting.
1.) Bicuspid/mitral valve
--Is the left valve, consists of two flaps, or cusps, of endocardium.
2.) Tricuspid valve
--Is the right valve, has three flaps.

--> Second Type are Semilunar valves.
* guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers
* pulmonary valves and aortic semilunar valves
*

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Leukocytosis-
abnormally high WBC count
Leukopenia-
abnormally low WBC count
Leukemia-
bone marrow becomes cancerous, huge #s of WBCs are turned out rapidly
Polycythemia-
an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
Anemia- a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

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RIGHT: PULMONARY CIRCULATION

--> the right ventricle recieves the oxygen-depleted blood from the right atrium.

--> blood leaves the right ventricle, enters pulmonary trunk, which splits into 2 pulmonary arteries.

--> pulmonary arteries lead to the lungs
- exchange of gases takes place
- carbon dioxide leaves blood, oxygen enters blood.

--> Blood leaves lungs via pulmonary veins
- pulmonary veins carry freshly oxygenated blood to heart
- systemic veins carry oxygen-poor blood to heart

--> oxygenated blood enters left atrium of heart
- the blood in the left atrium moves into the left ventricle and enters the  systemic circulation

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(venae cavae is either of the two large veins leading into the heart)

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(venae cavae is either of the two large veins leading into the heart)

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LEFT: SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
--> left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium.

--> left ventricle ejects blood into the aorta.
*ascending aorta sends blood to upper thorax, upper extremities, neck, head.
*descending aorta sends blood to lower thorax, lower extremities, abdomen, pelvis.

--> leaving from both
parts of aorta, the blood enters a network of systemic arteries that run to all places of the body.

--> blood passes from the smallest arteries (arterioles) into capillary beds.
*(in the capillary beds, blood exchanges oxygen, nutrients, and waste products with the tissues)

--> oxygen-poor blood leaves the capillary beds via venules (small veins), drains into network of systemic veins, leading to the venae cavae.
*superior vena cava recieves blood from upper thorax, upper extremities, head, neck.
*inferior vena cava recieves blood from lower thorax, abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities.

--> venae cavae empty oxygen-poor blood into right atrium of heart

GO TO #2

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-formed elements: living cells that are suspended in the plasma of blood
-plasma: the fluid matrix of blood
-buffy coat: the thin, whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma of blood (contains the leukocytes)
-leukocytes: white blood cells that act in various ways to protect the body
-platelets: cell fragments that help stop bleeding
-hematocrit: blood fraction (erythrocytes normally account for about 45 percent of the total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as hematocrit
-erythrocytes (red blood cells/RBCs): function primarily to ferry oxygen that is in the blood
-albumin: a substance that acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the blood circulation; it is an important blood buffer; it contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood which acts to keep water in the bloodstream

the rest: https://quizlet.com/368110576/human-anatomy-ch-10-vocab-flash-cards/?new

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*Arteries - blood vessels that take blood away from the heart

*Veins - blood vessels that return blood to the heart
*Capillaries - very small vessels that lie between the arteries and veins
*Venules are small veins
*Arterioles are small arteries

--The heart has four chambers. Right & Left Atria, Right & Left Ventricles. Each of these is lined with endocardium, which helps blood run smoothly thru the heart.

--It also has four valves. Bicuspid/Mitral and Tricuspid, Pulmonary and Aortic Semilunar. They control how much blood flows at a time, when to stop it, and which direction it should go thru chambers.

*Systematic Circulation - takes oxygen rich-blood to the tissues and organs of the body
*Pulmonary Circulation - takes oxygen-depleted blood to the lung and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart again

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*The major function of this system is transportation.
-trillions of cells take up nutrients and excrete wastes nonstop
-the blood carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, and many other substances vital for body homeostasis to and from the cells. (blood travels thru blood vessels)
-the pumping of the heart and blood pressure are the forces that move the blood

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·what is blood?
-blood transports everything (nutrients, wastes that are headed for elimination from the body, and body heat) through blood vessels
-blood is a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the formed elements, are suspended in the nonliving fluid matrix called plasma

·composition and functions
-the collagen and elastin fibers (usually within other connective tissues) are absent from blood
-when the blood is spun in a centrifuge, the plasma rises to the top

*Leukocytes?
-known as white blood cells
-far less numerous than red blood cells
-defense against disease (bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor cells)
-can slip in and out of blood vessels (diapedesis), unlike red blood cells

·plasma: approximately 90 percent water; it is the liquid part of blood
-blood is made up of over 100 different substances that are dissolved within it (nutrients, salts/electrolytes, respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, and various wastes and products of cell metabolism)
-the composition of plasma is kept relatively constant by various homeostatic mechanisms of the body

·what are plasma proteins?
-the most abundant solutes in plasma
-most are made by the liver (except for antibodies and protein-based hormones)
-they are NOT taken up by cells to be used as food fuels or metabolic nutrients, as other solutes such as glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen

·albumin: see ch. 10 vocab

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Coronary artery disease- The insidious filling of the blood vessels with fat, calcified deposits leads to this disease.
Heart block-
Damage to the AV node which partially or totally releases the ventricles from the control of the SA node causes the ventricles (thus the heart) to beat at their own rate, which is much slower
Ischemia-
Lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle, which can lead to fibrillation
Fibrillation-
A rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle. It makes the heart totally useless as a pump (is described as a wiggling bag of worms).
Tachycardia-
Rapid heart rate (over 100 beats per min) --> this may lead to fibrillation if prolonged
Bradycardia-
Heart rate that is substantially slower than normal (less than 60 bpm)
Murmurs-
Abnormal or unusual heart sounds
Congestive heart failure-
Is usually a progressive condition that reflects weakening of the heart by coronary atherosclerosis, persistent high bp, or multiple myocardial infarctions (heart attacks)
Coronary atherosclerosis-
clogging of the coronary vessels with fatty buildup
Thrombus-
A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel. If it's large enough, it may prevent blood flow and could cause heart problems.
Embolus-
This is a thrombus (clot in a blood vessel) that has broken out of a vessel and floats freely in the bloodstream. They are harmless unless it lodges in a blood vessel too narrow for it to pass.
Thrombocytopenia-
Results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets
Hemophilia-
This term applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting. "Bleeder's disease"