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Many Native Americans, the Cheyenne, believed that they were under the protection of the U.S. government. So, because they felt so secure and safe because of the assumed peace with the U.S. they returned to Colorado's Sand Creek Reserve during the winter. However, General S. R. Curtis, U.S. army commander in the west did not want the Native Americans to move back, and did not want or believe in peace with them, and wanted them all to suffer. Curtis sent a telegram message with this information to Chivington, and him and his troops attacked the Cheyenne as well as the Arapaho Native Americans and killed over 150 people, who were living peacefully at Sand Creek.

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The Treaty of Fort Laramie allowed the Hunkpapa Sioux to live on a reservation along the Mississippi River. But it never happen because Hunkpapa Sioux leader, Tatanka Iyotanka, never signed it.

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1874-Invasion, by gold miners, of the Sioux’s Sacred Black Hills 

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1874-Invasion, by gold miners, of the Sioux’s Sacred Black Hills 

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The Black Hills are located in Wyoming, the midwest of the United States. Also, near little Bighorn and Fetterman Massacre also in Wyoming. Sitting Bull was the leader of Hunkpapa Sioux. The leader is known as Tatanka Iyotanka.

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When Colonel Custer and his troops reached Little Bighorn River, that Native Americans were ready for them. Led by Crazy Horse, Gall, and Sitting Bull, the warriors had raised their spears and rifles and crushed Custer’s troops. Within and hour, Custer and all the men of the Seventh Cavalry were dead.

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The discovery of gold affected the settlement of the west in many way. The discovery of gold brought many different types of people, Irish, German, Polish, Chinese, and African-Americans, it created a huge melting pot with in the West. It also created mining camps and tiny frontier towns all along the west. Also all the picturesque landscapes of the west were replaced with many dirty tents, shacks and wooden sidewalks.

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The Dawes Act was an act passed to “Americanize” Native Americans and it broke up the reservations and gave land to specific Native Americans individually. They wanted to to keep Native Americans as people in their own area and wanted to make sure they did and acted the same as everyone else to keep them as the same as every other person. We said that assimilation is a bad thing in some circumstances because it can cause people to think that they are unworthy and that they have to completely change to fit in and not be discriminated against.

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1890 - The Ghost Dance Movement and the battle of Wounded Knee

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1890 - The Ghost Dance Movement and the battle of Wounded Knee

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The Ghost dance movement was a Ritual, the ritual was performed by the Sioux after going to a Paiute prophet for help on their problems. The Ghost Dance movement spread rapidly among the 25,000 Sioux.

On December 28, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry--Custer’s old regiment--rounded up around 350 Sioux and took them to Wounded Knee. The next day the soldiers demanded the Native Americans give up their weapons. A shot was fired, it was not clear what side it was from. The soldiers opened fire with deadly cannon.