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the number of Englishmen from perhaps three mil-lion in 1500 to four-and-one-half million by 1650."

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Drake had gone ashore at Panama in 1572 and made friends with an extraordinary band of runaway Negro slaves.

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Drakes plan, "it began to materialize at Roanoke Island in 1585,

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Sugar plantations worked by slaves in Africa made an appearance in brazil

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"histoire of four footed beasts" was published

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first Africans arrived in Virginia

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law preventing black people from serving in the militia

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by the 1630s the colony seemed to be working out, at least in part, as its first planners had hoped.

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Governor Henry Hawley and the Council in Barbados resolved "that Negroes and Indians, that came here to be sold, should serve for Life, unless a Contract was before made to the contrary."

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"The court again punished a white man and a black woman in 1640" for having relations

In 1640, for example, the Virginia legislature passed a law stating that masters should furnish arms to all men, "excepting negros."

a white man got a less svere punishment than a black man for running away

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A poll Tax on African Americans

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"In 1646, Francis Pott sold a Negro woman and boy to Stephen Charlton "to the use of him ... forever."

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"1650, Africans constituted only 300 of Virginia's 15,000 inhabitants, or 2 percent"

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enslaved people population raised from 20,000 to 80,000

1660s, for example, indentured servant Isaac Friend led a conspiracy to band together forty servants and "get Arms." (Takaki)

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law institutionalizing slavery so, A law regarding the punishment of servants referred to "those Negroes who are incapable of making satisfaction by addition of time.

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law made that the child of a parent that was enslaved and one free takes the status of the mother

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the Council of Foreign Plantations reported that the colony's population had been "increased principally by sending of Servants.

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"the Virginia House of Burgesses

decreed that religious conversion did not release a slave from bondage."

(Morgan) In 1667 the Dutch in a single raid captured twenty merchant ships in the James River,

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"Northampton, the only county for which full records exist, had at least ten free Negro households by 1668."

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the right to vote was restricted to landowners

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1673, Governor Berkeley raised troops to defend Virginia against Dutch warships,

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"1675 that opened the way for a switch from indentured white labor to black slave labor."

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By 1676 it was estimated that one fourth of Virginia's freemen were without land of their own.

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"After 1680, they enacted laws that denied slaves freedom of assembly and movement."

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In 1691, the assembly prohibited the manumission of slaves unless the master paid for transporting them out of the colony.

1691, the Virginia Assembly passed a law that prohibited the "abominable mixture and spurious issue" of inter-racial unions and that provided for the banishment of white violators.

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"they bought them in such numbers that slaves probably already constituted a majority or nearly a majority of the labor force by 1700."

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"Virginia law provided that "all servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not christians"

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bacon's rebellion

In 1676, Bacon gathered an armed force for an unauthorized and indiscriminate campaign against those he called the governor's "protected and darling Indians."

bacon dies

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"By 1700, blacks constituted more than 10 percent of Virginia's population."

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new slave code. enslaved ppl became property

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United States census in 1790 had 40 percent of the slaves in the entire United States.