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Patrick Henry's speech uses an extended metaphor of slavery to emphasize the lack of freedom that the Americans have while they are still a colony of the British.

"I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery" - Dennis

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Ethos in a "Declaration of Sentiments" - Keira Howard

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Ethos in a "Declaration of Sentiments" - Keira Howard

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton uses ethos to persuade her audience to fight for women’s suffrage and gender equality.  Ethos is the character or emotions of a speaker or writer that are expressed in the attempt to persuade an audience.  Through her allusion to the Declaration of Independence, Stanton strategically modifies the famous phrase, “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights” to include women  (Stanton 1).  The Declaration of Independence applies to the citizens of the United States, and Stanton furthers her conviction that women deserve equal rights because the promises of the Declaration of Independence should be extended to all citizens regardless of gender.  Employing the format of the Declaration of Independence helps Stanton create a clear argument about the need for women’s suffrage.  Stanton leans on the reputation of the Declaration of Independence to create a persuasive and credible speech.  By structuring her speech after the Declaration of Independence, Stanton uses the document to establish credibility to reinforce the need for women's suffrage.

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"God Will Give You Blood to Drink in a Souvenier Shot Glass" Anecdotes

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"God Will Give You Blood to Drink in a Souvenier Shot Glass" Anecdotes

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Throughout her text "God Will Give You Blood  to Drink in a Souvenir Shot Glass", Sarah Vowell uses anecdotes achieve her objective of demonstrating that history is in everything.    Vowell describes the history behind the hole in the street Rue St. Severin. Instead of stating the facts one after another which would make the text sound more like an AP textbook, Vowell uses an anecdote to make the history more of a story that is easier to listen, understand and remember. It also shows that there are many of these little stories around us and in places we could pass by everyday. - Stella Dormer

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Pathos in "What to the Slave is the 4th of July" (Ali Ulusu)

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Pathos in "What to the Slave is the 4th of July" (Ali Ulusu)

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Pathos is the rhetorical strategy of appealing to the emotions of a reader in order to convince them of your point or argument. In Douglas's speech, he utilizes pathos heavily in order to aid him in being able to convince his audience of his point that the celebration of the freedom granted to the United States 4th of July is hypocritical when the system of slavery still persists in this country. His use of pathos can be best seen when he says, “What, am I to argue that it is wrong to make men brutes, to rob them of their liberty, to work them without wages, to keep them ignorant of their relations to their fellow men, to beat them with sticks, to flay their flesh with the lash, to load their limbs with irons, to hunt them with dogs, to sell them at auction, to sunder their families, to knock out their teeth, to burn their flesh, to starve them into obedience and submission to their masters?” (Douglass 4). The use of the parallel structure of repeating an infinitive with a verb of torture constantly to describe what slaves go through everyday in this country leaves a resonating message with the readers that heavily appeals to their emotions. This appeal to the readers' emotions then make it more likely they will support his cause and be convinced of their point, effectively demonstrating how pathos is utilized by Douglas in his speech.

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In the "Declaration of Sentiments," Elizabeth Cady Stanton establishes pathos by explaining how current U.S. law is establishing an unjust system over women. By utilizing pathos, Stanton effectively conveys to her audience, women, that they must fight for their rights. For example, she states that "He has so framed the laws of divorce, as to what shall be the proper causes of divorce; in case of separation, to whom the guardianship of the children shall be given, as to be wholly regardless of the happiness of women" By appealing to the motherhood of her fellow women, Stanton influences her audience to advocate the end of this unjust law since no one wants loose their child in divorce without any say in the matter.

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Walls--Extended Metaphor in Bartleby the Scrivener

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Walls--Extended Metaphor in Bartleby the Scrivener

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Walls serve as an extended metaphor for Bartleby's isolation from the living world - they surround Bartleby's life both physically and metaphorically. On No.___ Wall Street, Bartleby's office is physically surrounded by walls. Around him, he is separated from his coworkers by a folding door. Out the window, all he can see is an impenetrable brick wall. These walls parallel Bartleby's isolation from the outside world - he cannot reach others, and others cannot reach him. Later in prison, Bartleby is still surrounded by the courtyard walls. When the narrator visits him, he "found him there, standing all alone in the quietest of the yards, his face towards a high wall, while all around, from the narrow slits of the jail windows, [the narrator] thought [he] saw peering out upon [Bartleby] the eyes of murderers and thieves" (28). Bartleby cannot find refuge even amongst the lowest rungs of society. Even amongst such people, Bartleby is viewed as an anomaly. Nobody understands him, because the walls that physically and metaphorically surround him prevent any type of connection between Bartleby and the living world. He is "walled off" from others. - Timothy

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Sylvia Plath using pathos to grip the heart strings of the audience (Emila B)

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Sylvia Plath using pathos to grip the heart strings of the audience (Emila B)

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A major rhetorical strategy used by Sylvia Plath is pathos. By talking about her pain and what she is losing, she is making the audience feel for her and creating a sentiment. One way she does this is by using emotive words. “They are subtle: they seem to float, though they weigh me down, upsetting me with their sudden tongues and their color, a dozen red lead sinkers round my neck,”(39). Using words that describe a heavy sentiment adds to the use of pathos. Another device that is frequently used in Tulips is the use of nostalgic explanations. “I watched my teaset, my bureaus of linen, my books sink out of sight, and the water went over my head,” (26). While an anecdote is never used, we are able to derive a story from the comparisons being shown. The comparison of what used to be and what she had in the present moment.

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Ross Gay enumerates the many righteous jobs Eric Garner held, “like hous[ing] and feed[ing] small and necessary creatures, like being pleasant to touch and smell… like making it easier for us to breathe” (Gay). The parallel structure of prefacing Garner's work with the word "like" demonstrates the boundless impact of Garner’s work. The author utilizes logos, presenting many examples to support Garner’s positive life despite his tragic death. Additionally, Gay uses diction such as “necessary,” “pleasant,” and “easier” (Gay) to describe the outcome of Garner's work. This creates a tone that recognizes the significance of Garner’s plants in aiding animals, humans, and nature as a whole. By combining such a tone with the underscoring of the great number of Garner’s deeds, Gay creates a logical assertion on the virtuous life Garner led.

-Rathul

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Ethos in God Will Give You Blood to Drink in a Souvenir Shot Glass

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Ethos in God Will Give You Blood to Drink in a Souvenir Shot Glass

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Sarah Vowell, a history fanatic, uses ethos to show that she is invested in the past and really cares about history. She does this over and over by making statements about her accomplishments and unusual vacation spots to prove to the audience that she loves history and knows what she is talking about. An example of this is when she talks about her "surprisingly nice weekend getaway" in Salem while learning about the Salem Witch Trials (Vowell 34). As she talks about her experience in Salem, she acknowledges that it is an unusual place for someone to go spend a weekend but that she found so much joy in it because she loved being able to learn about the history behind the town and the trials. Once she has established herself as a credible source for the historical information she is sharing, she is able to dive deeper into the purpose of why she is telling these stories, which is to send a message about learning about and from the past because it's crucial for growth as a community to understand what went wrong in the past.
- Kate Corsaro

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Pathos in Henry's "Speech to the Virginia Convention"

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Pathos in Henry's "Speech to the Virginia Convention"

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Patrick Henry uses pathos in his "Speech to the Virginia Convention" as a method to project his fears for what the United States will become if the United States does not fight back against the British. The use of pathos helps relate the consequences of being controlled by the British to the American people on a more individual and personal level. Henry states how war preparations by the British "cover our waters and darken our lands", and how soon "British guard shall be stationed in every house". This use of pathos, which inspires fear and anger in the American people, serves Henry in his goal of uniting the American people to rise up against the British.

Lucie Bernard

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Oscar

Abraham Lincoln his various positions to convey the severity of the Proclamation as well as his authority to enforce it. "Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion..." Lincoln lists every single one of his titles, dissuading others from objecting the Proclamation. Furthermore, he threatens military action by leveraging his power as Commander-in-Chief to express that he can and will enforce the Proclamation.

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Characterization in Bartleby the Scrivener

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Characterization in Bartleby the Scrivener

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The narrator is characterized by his philosophy that "the easiest way of life is the best" (Melville 1). With this philosophy comes his willingness to tolerate, shown when he is able to put up with two half-efficient workers and even Bartleby's unresponsiveness as it would be too much of a hassle to replace them. Though he desired to send Bartleby away, albeit generously, he ultimately could not bring himself to do it and allowed a prison to deal with him. Throughout all of this, the narrator is painfully clueless about what to do. Thus, Melville, through the characterization of the narrator, is able to highlight the anomaly in deciding whether to help someone in the "best" way and the difficulty in doing so.

- Lucas Zhong

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Plath symbolizes life with tulips and uses this to contrast the speaker's lifeless hospital situation with the liveliness of the tulips. The speaker is "nobody," whereas the flowers are "vivid." This symbolism serves to further accentuate the depression that the speaker is going through; she feels so dead and lonely inside that she views something as simple as a gift of tulips as being much more vibrant and alive than her.

"The vivid tulips eat my oxygen."

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Ross Gay gives “A Small Needful Fact” about Eric Garner’s life to convey the conflict between African Americans and the police in the United States. Gay states that "Eric Garner worked for some time for the Parks and Rec. Horticultural department." While it is mentioned that Garner worked at the Parks and Rec. Horticultural Department, it is not explicitly stated what he does or where the department is located, and so he is most likely speaking to the people of the town who would already know where the department is located. Ross Gay uses this appeal to pathos to make the readers feel like they were in a community with Garner, and while the factual words themselves do not hold emotional weight, an intimate tone is created by having the readers think of their local community and how they do not need to know the specific information of a community member they are close with.

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"What to the Slave is the 4th of July" (HeeJee Yoon)

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"What to the Slave is the 4th of July" (HeeJee Yoon)

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Throughout his speech, Douglass utilizes an inspiring tone to initiate a revolution amongst his audience to unite and join his abolitionist efforts to create a movement large enough to destroy the entire foundations of slavery. He asserts using powerful diction to support his inspiring tone that "it is not light that is needed, but fire; it is not the gentle shower, but the thunder" and that the movement requires "the storm, the whirlwind, and the earthquake" (Douglass 5). Douglass underscores the need for a movement comparable to that of an earth-shattering natural disaster to rally the audience into abolish a system so ingrained into American society. His tone evokes a sense of duty and collective responsibility, as Americans, to be a part of the revolutionary storm.

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Overarching Tone in "What to the Slave is the 4th of July" (Mahika)

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Overarching Tone in "What to the Slave is the 4th of July" (Mahika)

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The overarching tone in Douglass’ speech is frustration. Douglass questions whether he should “argue that a system...marked with blood, and stained with pollution is wrong,” and expresses with frustration that “slavery is not divine...God did not establish it...that which is inhuman, cannot be divine” (Douglass). Douglass conveys that slavery is far too immoral to be solved with civil arguments. It should be apparent to white Americans how unethical the institution is, and Douglass guilts them for not acknowledging such a blatant fact. Additionally, he forces his audience to see that slavery cannot be divine from a religious view because God did not create or promote it. Not only is he exposing their artificial patriotism towards America, but shames them for not considering how slavery would be seen by an authorial figure that they look to for guidance. His frustrated tone in his speech helps to further convey his message.

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What, to the slave, is the Fourth of July?

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What, to the slave, is the Fourth of July?

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Anabel Lowe

In his speech, "What to the slave, is the Fourth of July, Frederick Douglass exercises an outraged and demanding tone. Throughout the speech, Douglass asks multiple rhetorical questions and uses his ethos to invoke his angry tone. At one point, he says, " Whether we turn to the declarations of the past, or to the professions of the present, the conduct of the nation seems equally hideous and revolting" (Douglass 2). The direct call out of America's hypocrisy is Douglass' main focus of outrage. He insists over and over again on how corrupt and cruel American society is and how hypocritical they are. With words such as "disgusting" and "revolting", he is showing his utter distaste for American society. Douglass also uses words such as "fire" "storm", "worldwide", and "earthquake" to show how there is a specific magnitude of rage that needs to be met when approaching this subject. All in all, the denotation of the words Douglass uses is able to aid his outrageous tone even in the written version of his speech.

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Characterization in "Bartleby the Scrivener" Bhavik S.

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Characterization in "Bartleby the Scrivener" Bhavik S.

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Characterization is the build-up of a character in a story and Herman Melville uses this strategy in "Bartleby the Scrivener," to show the stress people from the working class during the Industrial Period go through. Melville characterizes Bartleby as "a soul that suffered" and a soul that "could not be reached" (Melville 15). After working with the narrator for some time, Bartleby got sick and tired of working and started acting out of order and distant from everyone. This represents how a stressed worker feels after long, hard-working days in the work force. The fact that Bartleby couldn't even bare to eat by the end of the story shows what could happen to these workers if they don't check on their mental health. This was what Melville was trying to illustrate with the characterization Bartleby, that people can go crazy in the work force.

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Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville

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Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville

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(Tejasvini Ramesh) In Bartleby the Scrivener, Herman Melville uses characterization to unravel the complexity of Bartleby's nature. From the start, Melville develops Bartleby's character as an isolated individual, however, Bartleby's isolation is nothing of alarm to the narrator. However, as the novella progresses, Melville further develops Bartleby, providing the most minute details to characterize Bartleby. Melville's narrator describes how the "unsurmised appearance of Bartleby, tenanting [his] law chambers of a Sunday morning, with his cadaverously gentlemanly nonchalance, yet withal firm and self-possessed, had such a strange effect upon [the narrator] that [he] incontinently slunk away from [his] own door and did as desired" (Melville). Ultimately, Bartleby dies, and the narrator claims that "no materials exist for a full and satisfactory biography of [Bartleby]" (Melville). By developing Bartleby as this eccentric character, Melville's narrator is ultimately confused about Bartleby's character himself. In other words, Melville is characterizing Bartleby by being unable to characterize him.

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Extended Metaphors in "Patrick Henry's Speech to the Virginia Convention" - Charline A

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Extended Metaphors in "Patrick Henry's Speech to the Virginia Convention" - Charline A

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In his speech, Patrick Henry utilizes an extended metaphor comparing the lack of freedom which colonists have to the ones slave have. He states, “For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the debate.” His choice of the word “slavery”, raises his audience's attention, and brings them into perspective into analyzing the real injustice they face.

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Patrick Henry's "Speech to the Virginia Convention"

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Patrick Henry's "Speech to the Virginia Convention"

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Joanna Chu

Patrick Henry utilizes an urgent tone which emerges throughout his "Speech to the Virginia Convention" to inspire the listeners to fight for the independence of the United Colonies. Henry alludes to the Odyssey when he states, "We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of the siren till she transforms us into beasts" (Henry). Through allusion, Henry explains that the people of the United Colonies will face the impending consequences if the people continue to obey the British. Since the circumstance in America is compared to a catastrophe, Henry's allusion forms an urgent and pressing tone.

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Oscar

Eugene O'Neill uses juxtaposition to describe how frustrated Edmund is with his situation. "I lost myself--actually lost my life. I was set free!" The line "I was set free!" has an extremely enthuastic tone, but a little frustrated since Edmund is speaking in the past tense, implying it was only for a brief moment. But Edmund associates this positive experience as losing his life, death being one of the most negative and dark of themes. The symbolism of being set free through death is not uncommon in literature, but O'Neill..... (unfinished)

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Ethos in "My Life's Sentences" by Jhumpa Lahiri (Evan) 

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Ethos in "My Life's Sentences" by Jhumpa Lahiri (Evan) 

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The authorial objective of Lahiri in this informative article draw attention to the importance of sentences in literature and how they serve as the building blocks of all texts, a conclusion that is backed up by her own past experiences as a writer. One quote which demonstrates her use of Ethos to advance her authorial objective is when she talks about her revision process, which "occurs on a sentence level. It is by fussing with sentences that a character becomes clear to [Lahiri], that a plot unfolds." By demonstrating to the audience her background as a writer, Lahiri shows that she is qualified on the topic of literature and that her claims about sentences being the “bricks as well as the mortar, the motor as well as the fuel” is backed up by years of experience

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Sylvia Plath uses juxtaposition to let readers know about her unhappiness after her recent medical procedures by using it to exaggerate the difference between what she really wants, the peace and quiet of white, and the environment created by her gifts, which is lively and passionate due to the red of the gifted flowers. We see it in the first line: "The tulips are too excitable, it is winter here" (Plath 1). The speaker claims that the tulips are too excitable, which contrasts with the cold of winter.
A. Guo

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton speaks on the injustices women face and how it is the nation's job to protect women's rights the same way they protects men's in the constitution. Her use of clear logic and facts rather than an emotional statement strengthens her argument as she formats it after the constitution. By repeating " He has" followed by a simple observation of the actions of men and how it has directly affected women she presents a clear and logical argument to her audience. Her use of logos can also be seen in the hypocrisy that she points out by alluding to the Constitution. Since the constitution was written for the very purpose of securing rights for America when they had no say in the rules that governed them Stanton aims to highlight the clear similarity in the situation. By using factual , observation based evidence, Stanton appeals to her audience's logic as her hopes to emphasize the need for equal rights for women. -Ritika

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"Long Day's Journey into Night" Anecdote

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"Long Day's Journey into Night" Anecdote

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"I became drunk with the beauty and the singing rhythm of it, and for a moment I lost myself -- actually lost my life" (O'Neill). Here, Eugene shares an anecdote about his time as a sailor. It serves as a rhetorical strategy to his desire to be free of the bounds of society. His story reminisces about floating free in the sea. - Sebastian Civetta

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What to the Slave is the 4th of July by Frederick Douglass

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What to the Slave is the 4th of July by Frederick Douglass

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Douglass uses logos to make clear and deductive reasoning to support his argument. Douglass mentions how not only slaves do manual labor, but they also participate in common activities that the white citizens partake in like living with their families and worshiping the Christian God. He conveys his logos by using common knowledge of slave work to common activities of free men to state that slaves are to be treated as equals too. - Sid

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Ethos is the rhetorical strategy of building credibility and trust so that the audience will be more willing to believe what you have to say. In the "Declaration of Sentiments" by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Stanton builds credibility and trust by alluding to the Declaration of Independence.