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In the F2 generation Mendel noticed a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the phenotypes. About 9/16 of the F2 plants had round, yellow seeds; 3/16 had round, green seeds; 3/16 had wrinkled, yellow seeds; and 1/16 had wrinkled, green seeds.

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Allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes. Traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another.

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Experiment on The Law of Independent Assortment

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Experiment on The Law of Independent Assortment

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Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in plants that were true-breeding for two traits: A plant with round and yellow seeds was crossed with a plant that had wrinkled and green seeds.
The traits for round seed (RR) and yellow seed (YY) are dominant. Wrinkled seed (rr) and green seed (yy) are recessive. The resulting generation (F1) were all heterozygous for round and yellow seeds (RrYy).

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The Punnett square is a table that shows all the possible outcomes for a genetic cross. In its simplest form it consists of a square divided into four quadrants.
Each square contains the diploid genotype that would result from the combination of the male gamete for that row with the female gamete for that column.

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During the production of gametes each gamete will receive one of the two alleles

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Traits can be sorted into dominant and recessive traits and the dominant ones win on the recessive ones

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Mendel crossed a purebred plant with one trait with a purebred with the opposite trait. Only one trait appeared in the F1 generation

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Mendel crossed the F1 generation toghether, the F2 generation showed the recessive trait that wasn't visible in F1. The recessive trait will come out in the second filial generation with 3 dominant to 1 recessive, the ratio is 3:1

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An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant.

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Third Law: The Law of Independent Assortment

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Third Law: The Law of Independent Assortment

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Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.

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Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair. Parental genes are randomly separated to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one gene of the pair. Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization.

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Pea color green or yellow

Pea shape round or wrinkled

Flower color white or purple

Pod full or constricted

Pod color green or yellow

Flower location axial or terminal

Plant tall or dwarf

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Accessible

Fast in reproduction

few genetics traits

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Mendel found out that peas had seven different traits, and he identified the dominant ones and the recessive ones

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Mendel was also a monk in St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia. This fact helped him a lot in his experiments. He worked in the garden of the monastery so he decided to study the genetics of peas.

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Gregor Johann Mendel was an Augustinian biologist, he is recognised as the founder of the genetics, establishing many of the rules of heredity, now called laws of Mendelian inheritance.