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What is referencing?

Referencing is a system used in the academic community to indicate where ideas, theories, quotes, facts and any other evidence you have used to support your assignments can be found.

When you are writing a piece of work and use someone else's words or ideas you must reference them.

This means that you need to include details about all the sources you have used, both within the text of your assignment (in-text citations) and at the end of your work (reference list).

The style of referencing you need to use depends on the course you are studying. Most students at Staffs use Harvard, although if you are studying Law or Psychology (including Sport and Exercise modules) you will need to use a different system.

You may also find our copyright guidance useful.

Indicating the sources you have used in the text of your essay (citing) and creating a list of references of sources you've used is an important part of the assignment writing process.

Accurate referencing of all the sources you have used will help you avoid accusations of plagiarism. There are other advantages as well:

Referencing the sources you have used means your arguments will be clearly supported by evidence.

An accurate reference allows your reader to find the source you have used for themselves.

Your lecturer can see how widely you have read and whether you fully understand the work.

Including references means your work follows good academic practice.

There are two places in your assignments where you will need to acknowledge when you have used someone else's ideas, theories etc to support your research.

In the body of your work - called in-text referencing or citing.
This is when you refer to known theories and ideas to support your own work in the body of your assignment. This might be through a direct quotation (marked out the use of "....") or by paraphrasing the original author's words.

At the end of your work in your Reference List or Bibliography.
This is where you link the in-text references or citations included in the body of your assignment to a list of all the resources you have used at the end.

Reference List or Bibliography?
Understanding the difference between a Reference List and a Bibliography can be tricky as the terms can be used incorrectly.

A Reference List is a list of all the sources you have cited in your work

A Bibliography is a list of the sources you have read to help you write your assignment but not cited.

In most cases you will only need to create a Reference List, but remember to check with your tutor if you are not sure what is expected.

Many people use these terms Reference List and Bibliography interchangeably so, if you are unsure about whether you need to include a Bibliography as well as a Reference List, ask your tutor.
Reference List format
Your reference list appears at the end of your assignment and should always be in alphabetical order by author/editor/corporate author, no matter what the format of the source is (book, e-book, journal, website etc.).

A bibliography would be presented in the same way as your reference list and would be a separate list following your reference list.

All the information that you have used in your assignment which came from books, journals or websites will need to be acknowledged. This includes*:

Quotations: Using someone else's written or spoken words.

Paraphrased text : Information converted from someone else's ideas into your own words

Summaries: when you summarise someone else's work or ideas

Theories or ideas

Statistics and other forms of data

Images pictures, graphs, multimedia, tables

Music

Designs or plans

* This list is not exhaustive and you may use different types of sources, so remember, if you use anything in your assignment which has been written by someone else, please acknowledge their work by referencing or citing them correctly

There are a few occasions when you do not need to add a reference:

When you express your own ideas, theories, arguments, or conclusions

Where surveys and experiments have been designed and carried out by you

When you are including very basic common knowledge: For example, London is the capital of England

But remember what is common knowledge for you, and others in your subject area, may not be common knowledge to everyone. Also, even basic statistical information such as in the following example, must also be cited:

"Birmingham is Britain's second city in terms of population with 1.074 million inhabitants." ( source should be cited!)

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Library: RefZone 2021: All about referencing

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Refworks is a referencing management tool that can help you to organise your resources and works with MS Word to generate your citations and references.

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Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

Welcome to RefWorks

RefWorks is never 100% accurate - always cross-check your references! We always recommend that you learn the basics of your referencing style first. And that you know how to reference manually. For information about referencing please visit RefZone
Welcome to RefWorks! You can access RefWorks via https://refworks.proquest.com/. If you haven't used it before please watch the videos attached to this guide.

With RefWorks you can collect, manage and organize research papers and documents. You can read annotate, organize, and cite your research as well as collaborate with friends and colleagues by sharing collections. RefWorks' drag and drop capability along with the smart document recognition makes it easy and fast to upload documents and bibliographic metadata into your library. The Save to RefWorks feature allows you to capture research from websites with the click of a button. From simple bibliographies to papers formatted with in-text citations or footnotes, RefWorks handles it all.

On this guide you will find links to support guides and videos that can help you use RefWorks. If you have any problems using RefWorks please contact us via academicskills@staffs.ac.uk

If you are having problems with the Refworks Citation Manager Tool in Word - please look at this guide.

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. RefWorks is never 100% accurate - always cross-check your references!

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Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening is a way of checking if there's a bulge or swelling in the aorta, the main blood vessel that runs from your heart down through your tummy.
This bulge or swelling is called an abdominal aortic aneurysm, or AAA.

It can be serious if it's not spotted early on because it could get bigger and eventually burst (rupture).

Coronavirus update

AAA screening services are now running.

You'll be prioritised if a previous screening test has shown you have an AAA that has a higher risk of rupturing.

It's important to go to your appointment unless you or someone you live with has symptoms of coronavirus. All NHS services are making sure it's safe for you to attend.

Who's screened for AAA

In England, screening for AAA is offered to men during the year they turn 65.

Men aged 65 or over are most at risk of AAAs. Screening can help spot a swelling in the aorta early on when it can be treated.

Screening for AAA is not routinely offered to:

women

men under 65

people who have already been treated for an AAA

This is because the risk of an AAA is much smaller in these groups.

You can ask for a scan to check for an AAA if you think you might need one but have not been offered a screening test.

How to get screened for AAA

If you're a man and you're registered with a GP, you'll get a screening invitation in the post when you're 64 or soon after your 65th birthday. You can then arrange an appointment that suits you.

If you're a man over 65 and have not been screened before, you can ask for a test by contacting your local AAA screening service directly.

If you're a woman or man under 65 and you think you might have a higher risk of AAA (for example, because a close family member has had one), talk to a GP about the possibility of having a scan to check for an AAA.

If your GP thinks you might benefit from having a scan, this will usually be done when you're 5 years younger than the age at which your relative was found to have an AAA.

Benefits of AAA screening

An AAA will often cause few or no obvious symptoms, but if it's left to get bigger, it could burst and cause life-threatening bleeding inside your tummy.

About 8 in every 10 people who have a burst AAA die before they get to hospital or do not survive emergency surgery to repair it.

Screening can pick up an AAA before it bursts. If an AAA is found, you can choose to have regular scans to monitor it or surgery to stop it bursting.

The screening test is very quick, painless and reliable. Research suggests it can halve the risk of dying from an AAA.

Deciding to be screened

It's up to you to decide if you want to be screened for AAA.

While there are clear benefits of screening, you should also consider the possible risks.

There's no risk from the screening test itself, but there's a risk of:

anxiety from being told you have a life-threatening condition

serious complications of surgery carried out to treat an AAA

You'll get a leaflet with your screening invitation to help you make a decision.

You can also read a decision aid leaflet online.

Call your local screening service and ask to be removed from its list if you do not want to be screened.

What happens during AAA screening

Screening for AAA involves a quick and painless ultrasound scan of your tummy.

This is similar to the scan pregnant women have to check on their baby.

When you arrive for your appointment, a screening technician will check your details, explain the scan and ask if you have any questions.

For the scan:

you lie down on a table and lift up or unbutton your top (you do not need to undress)

the technician rubs a clear gel on your tummy and moves a small handheld scanner over your skin - pictures from the scanner are shown on a monitor and the technician will measure how wide your aorta is

the gel is wiped away and you pull down or button up your top

the technician tells you the result straight away

The whole test usually takes about 10 to 15 minutes.

Sometimes the technician might not be able to see your aorta clearly. This is not anything to worry about.

If this happens, you'll be asked to have another scan, usually on a different day.

Results of AAA screening

You'll be told your result at the end of the test.

If any problem is found, you'll also be a sent letter confirming the result and letting you know what happens next.

There are 4 possible screening results.

No aneurysm found

If your aorta is less than 3cm wide, this means it's not enlarged. Most men have this result.

You will not need to have any treatment or monitoring afterwards, and will not be invited for AAA screening again.

Small AAA

If you have a small AAA, this means your aorta measures 3cm to 4.4cm across.

Just over 1% of men screened have a small AAA.

You will not need any treatment at this stage as the chance of the AAA bursting is small.

You'll be invited back for a scan every year to check its size.

Treatment will usually only be needed if it becomes a large AAA.

You'll also be given advice on how you can stop an AAA getting bigger, such as stopping smoking, eating healthily and exercising regularly.

Read a leaflet on small AAA (PDF, 2.3Mb) for more information.

Medium AAA

If you have a medium AAA, this means your aorta measures 4.5cm to 5.4cm across.

About 0.5% of men screened have a medium AAA.

You will not need any treatment at this stage as the chance of the AAA bursting is small.

You'll be invited back for a scan every 3 months to check its size.

Treatment will usually only be needed if it becomes a large AAA.

You'll also be given advice on how you can stop an AAA getting bigger, such as stopping smoking, eating healthily and exercising regularly.

Read a leaflet on medium AAA (PDF, 2.3Mb) for more information.

Large AAA

If you have a large AAA, this means your aorta measures 5.5cm or more across.

About 0.1% of men screened have a large AAA.

As large AAAs are at the highest risk of bursting if left untreated, you'll be referred to a specialist surgeon within 2 weeks to talk about your treatment options.

Most men with a large AAA are advised to have surgery to stop it getting bigger or bursting.

While surgery carries a risk of serious complications, this is generally smaller than the risk of not treating a large AAA.

Read a leaflet on large AAA (PDF, 2.2Mb) for more information and read about how a large AAA is treated.

More information about AAA screening

For more information, the AAA Screening Programme has guides about:

The GOV.UK website also has AAA screening leaflets in other languages.

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Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening is a way of checking if there's a bulge or swelling in the aorta, the main blood vessel that runs from your heart down through your tummy. This bulge or swelling is called an abdominal aortic aneurysm, or AAA.

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1. Follow these steps when donning, or putting on, the PPE:

NOTE: Open shoes are prohibited. Use boot covers if they are available. If available, please use a disposable cap to cover long hair.

1. Visually inspect the PPE ensemble for any damage.

2. Slide your arms inside the sleeves of the fluid-resistant, non-sterile disposable isolation gown. You may use a gown with a thumb hole located at the wrist area. Put your thumb through this hole to make sure that there is no visible skin between the sleeves and gloves. Then, tie the gown at the back to secure it around your body.

3. Hold the N95 respirator mask in the palm of your hands facing down, letting the straps dangle to the floor. Place the respirator mask around your nose and mouth, secure the top strap at the crown of your head and bring the bottom strap below the ears to the base of your neck. Mold the nose piece around the bridge of your nose until it is secure.

4. Place goggles or a face shield around your eyes and secure them. Make sure the eye protection covers the front and sides of your face. Alternatively, select a surgical mask with a face shield and apply it over your nose and mouth. Cuff the elastic bands around your ears and spread the mask to cover your face from the bridge of your nose to your chin.

5. Slide latex or nitrile gloves onto your hands, pulling them over the sleeves of your gown. Make sure that your wrists are covered and that no skin is visible.

2. After patient care, you are contaminated and should take the following steps to take off the PPE:

1. While still in the isolation room, remove your gloves using the glove-to-glove/skin-to-skin technique.

1. Grasp the outside of one glove at the wrist, making sure to not touch your bare skin.

2. Peel the glove away from your body, pulling it inside out.

3. Peel off the second glove by putting your fingers inside the glove at the top of your wrist.

4. Turn the second glove inside out while pulling it away from your body, leaving the first glove inside the second.

5. Dispose of the gloves safely.

2. Untie your gown strap and pull the gown off carefully, away from your body. Roll off the sleeves, taking care to avoid contaminating yourself. Then, roll the gown up into a ball before disposing of it.

3. Prior to removing your eye protection, clean your hands by rubbing all hand surfaces with a 70% alcohol hand sanitizer.

4. Lean forward and gently remove the googles or face shield, avoiding contact with your body.

5. After leaving the isolation area, take off your mask by grabbing it from behind. Pull the bottom strap off first and then the top strap.

6. Clean your hands once again with a 70% alcohol hand sanitizer or with a proper handwashing method.

Your personal protective equipment or PPE must include a gown, gloves, respirator or medical mask, and eye protection. Keep in mind that open shoes are prohibited, and boot covers should be used if available. Before donning the PPE, visually inspect the ensemble.

Slide your arms inside the sleeves of the fluid-resistant, non-sterile, disposable isolation gown. If using a gown with a thumb hole located at the wrist area, put your thumb through this hole to make sure that there is no visible skin between your sleeves and gloves. Then tie the gown from the back to secure it around your body.

Hold an N95 respirator mask in the palm of your hand facing down, letting the straps dangle to the floor. Place the mask around your nose and mouth. Then secure the top strap at the crown of your head.

Bring the bottom strap below your ears to the base of your neck, and mold the nose piece around the bridge of your nose until it is secure. Place goggles or a face shield around your eyes and secure them, making sure that your eye protection covers the front and sides of your face.

Alternatively, select a surgical mask with a face shield and apply it to your nose and mouth. Cuff the elastic bands around your ears, and spread the mask to cover your face from the bridge of your nose to your chin.

Slide two latex or nitrile gloves on your hands, pulling them over the sleeves of your gown. Make sure that your wrists are covered and there is no visible skin.

After patient care, you are contaminated and should take the following steps to take off the PPE while still in the isolation room. Begin by removing your gloves using the glove-to-glove or skin-to-skin technique. Grasp the outside of one glove at the wrist, making sure not to touch your bare skin. Peel the glove away from your body and pull it inside out.

Peel off the second glove by putting your fingers inside the glove at the top of your wrist. Turn the second glove inside out while pulling it away from your body, leaving the first glove inside the second. Then safely dispose of the gloves.

Next, untie your gown strap and pull the gown off carefully away from your body. Roll off the sleeves, taking care to avoid contaminating yourself. Roll the gown up into a ball before disposing of it.

Before removing your eye protection, clean your hands by rubbing all hand surfaces with a 70% alcohol hand sanitizer. Then lean forward and gently remove your goggles or face shield, avoiding contact with your body.

After leaving the isolation room, take off your mask. Grab it from behind. Pull the bottom strap off first. And then pull off the top strap. Finally, clean your hands once again with a 70% alcohol hand sanitizer or with a proper hand-washing method.

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COVID-19 / Coronavirus Outbreak: Donning and Doffing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Healthcare Providers | Protocol

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1. Follow these steps when donning, or putting on, the PPE: NOTE: Open shoes are prohibited. Use boot covers if they are available. If available, please use a disposable cap to cover long hair. Visually inspect the PPE ensemble for any damage. Slide your arms inside the sleeves of the fluid-resistant, non-sterile disposable isolation gown.

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You have a conversation with a qualified social worker, Rachel Smith, about a patient you are helping to care for on a ward during a placement.
You discuss the intervention that the patient requires and how they will need to receive assistance while on the ward. Rachel provides you with details about how support has previously assisted this patient.
This information helps support your latest essay, so you include the details given about the intervention in your assignment.
The conversation occurred on Friday 22 October, 2021.

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Linkage of national health and social care data: a cross-sectional study of multimorbidity and social care use in people aged over 65 years in Scotland - 24 Hours access

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Linkage of national health and social care data: a cross-sectional study of multimorbidity and social care use in people aged over 65 years in Scotland

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An Act to establish and make provision about a National Health Service Commissioning Board and clinical commissioning groups and to make other provision about the National Health Service in England; to make provision about public health in the United Kingdom; to make provision about regulating healt…

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How to perform CPR - Clinical skills for student nurses

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You want to reference the chapter that starts on page 225: 'Vulnerable Caregivers'.

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Hint: the link to Library Search may not provide you with all the information you need to reference this correctly - you may need to look further afield!

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Breaking: The British Medical Association, @TheBMA, says it is "categorically" now time to activate plan B, adding that it is "incredibly concerning" and "wilfully negligent" of ministers to refuse to take immediate action to save lives and prevent the NHS from being overwhelmed.

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Breaking: The British Medical Association, @TheBMA, says it is "categorically" now time to activate plan B, adding that it is "incredibly concerning" and "wilfully negligent" of ministers to refuse to take immediate action to save lives and prevent the NHS from being overwhelmed.

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Breaking: The British Medical Association, @TheBMA, says it is "categorically" now time to activate plan B, adding that it is "incredibly concerning" and "wilfully negligent" of ministers to refuse to take immediate action to save lives and prevent the NHS from being overwhelmed.
— Andrew Gregory (@andrewgregory) October 20, 2021

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Breaking: The British Medical Association, @TheBMA, says it is "categorically" now time to activate plan B, adding that it is "incredibly concerning" and "wilfully negligent" of ministers to refuse to take immediate action to save lives and prevent the NHS from being overwhelmed.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
Breaking: The British Medical Association, @TheBMA, says it is "categorically" now time to activate plan B, adding that it is "incredibly concerning" and "wilfully negligent" of ministers to refuse to take immediate action to save lives and prevent the NHS from being overwhelmed.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
Breaking: The British Medical Association, @TheBMA, says it is "categorically" now time to activate plan B, adding that it is "incredibly concerning" and "wilfully negligent" of ministers to refuse to take immediate action to save lives and prevent the NHS from being overwhelmed.

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You want to refer to Gordon's functional health patterns framework, mentioned on page 17 of the eBook linked above.
However, you can't find Gordon's original work to reference that, so need to use secondary referencing to give credit to this framework instead.

Hint: you may want to provide the in-text citation example too!