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Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory on Instincts: Motivation, Personality and Development

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Rorschach and Freudians: Crash Course Psychology #21

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Theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

-explores person's ability to reason; think of the past, present, and future; and reflect on self

-emphasizes interaction between persons and social context/situations

Important Theorists

-Albert Bandura

-Reciprocal Determinism - describe the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality

-different people choose different environments

-our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events

-our personalities help create situations to which we react

-Personal Control - controlling environment rather than feeling helpless

- external locus of control - chance or outside forces determine one's fate

- internal locus of control - one controls own fate

-Self-Efficiency - belief that one can accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change

-Ray Baumesiter and Julia Exline - self-control

-Self-Control -the ability to control impulses and delay gratification

-weakens after an exertion, but replenishes to become stronger with more use

-Barry Schwartz - life satisfaction correspondence to freedom

-excess of freedom leads to lower levels of satisfaction and increased depression

- Seligman and Peter Schulman - Optimism verses Pessimism

- Positive Psychology - optimal human functioning promoting strengths and virtues to allow an individual to strive

-pessimism weakens immune system

-realism allows for anxiety to overcome future failures

-Walter Mischel - personality influences behavior

-wrote Personality and Assessment

- argues Cross-Situation Consistency

-characteristic of trait (make different situations equivalent for a given person) should behave consistently in a different situation

-Example: a social person will act the same in a library as at a party
-Cognitive Affective Processing Systems (CAPS) - describing that individuals thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world affect their behavior and become linked in ways that matter to that behavior

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Traits - Stable and enduring behavior patterns which are fundamental units to one's personality

-remain consistent across situations and over time, differ between individuals (genetics)

-Big Five: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

-stable in adulthood

-heritable

-seen in all cultures

-Focuses on describing types of different traits rather than explaining why they occur

-Important Theorists

-Robert McCrae and Paul Costa

-Hans and Sybil Eysenck - Two dimensions of personality: extraversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability (factor analysis)

-worked at Maudsley psychiatric hospital in London where gave assessments of patients before diagnosis using series of questions

-Completed same evaluations for soldiers treated for neurotic disorders, noticing links between several answers later discovering different personality traits

-Cattell - 16PF Trait Theory

-L Data (school grades, absence from work)

-Q Data (questionnaire rating individual's personality)

-T Data (objective tests to "tap" into personality)

-16PF test has 160 questions total, 10 for each personality factor

-Allport (1937)

-emphasizes uniqueness of the individual and internal cognitive/motivational processes influencing behavior

-intelligence, temperament, habits, skills, attitudes, traits
-personality is biologically determined at birth and shaped by person's environment experiences

-Walter Mischel - traits and their consistency through situations

-Traits and Academics (Erik Noftle and Richard Robins)

-those having high scores in conscientiousness (hard working, punctual, well organized) tend to have higher GPAs in both high school and college

-those having high scores in openness do better on the verbal portion of the SAT

-higher scores in neuroticism corresponded with taking the SAT multiple times

-Traits and Emotion (Murray McNiel and William Fleeson)

-positive emotion is the center of extraversion; negative emotion is the center of neuroticism

-main question is "did mood cause behavior or did behavior cause mood?"

-when instructed to act out a specific behavior trait, subjects reported feeling positive or negative

-conclusion: acting as an extravert or more neurotic will produce a pleasant mood (extraversion) or a depressed mood (neuroticism)

-Robinson and Clore refuted experiment stating this was the case only for those who were high on neuroticism but also slow at categorizing incoming information

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Humanistic - emphasizes the individual's potential for growth and change

- Important Theorists

- Abraham Maslow - Theory of Motivation/Hypothetical Heirarchy of Needs

-1970's psychology scientists

-studied healthy, creative persons rather than clinical patients

-Self-actualization - proccess of fulfilling potential

-Holistic Dynamic Theory - Maslow's thoery of personality which stresses both the unit of the organism and the motivational aspects of personality

- Carl Rodgers - Person-Centered Perspective

-Identified by creation of psychotherapy method - creating a more formal connection between patients

-Searchedfor the unanswered question; "Who am I?"

-unconditional positive reward - attitude of total acceptance towards others

-Believed an individual will grow and realize own self actualization when improve others attitudes by being more generous, accepting, and empathetic

-Connected to existentialism due to strong emphasis on experiences, values, and feelings

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Psychoanalytic - Freud's theory of personality attribution to unconscious motives and conflicts.

- conflict involves biological impulses vs. social restraints on these impulses

Important Persons

-Sigmund Freud - childhood sexuality and unconscious motivation influences personality

-held importance of the unconscious.

- Personality Structure - three conflicts interacting with one another

Id - unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives

Ego - Largely conscious executive personality that mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality

Superego - Represents internalized ideals and provides standards of judgement and future aspirations

-Defense Mechanisms - tactics to reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

-repression

-regression

-reaction formation

-projection

-rationalization

-displacement

-Alfred Adler and Karen Horney - childhood social tensions impact personality formation

-Inferiority Complex - unrealistic feeling of general inadequacy caused by actual or supposed inferiority during childhood

-leads to need of superiority and power
-dependent children's sense of helplessness triggers need for love and security

-Penis Envy - feeling women are inferior to men
-Carl Jung - Collective Unconscious

-Collective Unconscious - shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces form specie's history
-Pawel Lewicki - non conscious learning

-experimented the sophistication of the unconscious which couldn't be explained
-Henry Murray - Thematic Apperception Test

-Thematic Apperecption Test - projective test which people tell stories and imagine scenes to express inner feelings and interests
-Hermann Rorschach - Inkblots

-Rorschach Inkblot Test - set of inkblots used to identify person's inner feelings by analyzing interpretations of blots

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- Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamc

-Humanistic

- Trait

- Social Cognitive