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Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the First Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted to be free from British rule.

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Mercantilism

Economic theory that argues that a country should try to increase its wealth by exporting more goods than it imports.

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Monroe Doctrine

Presidential declaration in 1823 which stated that the United States would oppose efforts of any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere

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Civil War

Conflict between the Union and the Confederacy from 1861-1865

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Reconstruction

Federal government's effort between 1865-1877 to repair the damage to the South caused by the Civil War and to restore southern states to the Union
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Bessemer Process

New technique, patented in 1856, for making stronger steel more efficiently