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Give your opinion on Nelson Mandela's impact on history, in 40 words

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Before we can look at the history of the apartheid period it is necessary to understand what apartheid was and how it affected people.
What was apartheid?
Translated from the Afrikaans meaning 'apartness', apartheid was the ideology supported by the National Party (NP) government and was introduced in South Africa in 1948. Apartheid called for the separate development of the different racial groups in South Africa. On paper it appeared to call for equal development and freedom of cultural expression, but the way it was implemented made this impossible. Apartheid made laws forced the different racial groups to live separately and develop separately, and grossly unequally too. It tried to stop all inter-marriage and social integration between racial groups. During apartheid, to have a friendship with someone of a different race generally brought suspicion upon you, or worse. More than this, apartheid was a social system which severely disadvantaged the majority of the population, simply because they did not share the skin colour of the rulers. Many were kept just above destitution because they were 'non-white'.

In basic principles, apartheid did not differ that much from the policy of segregation of the South African governments existing before the Afrikaner Nationalist Party came to power in 1948. The main difference is that apartheid made segregation part of the law. Apartheid cruelly and forcibly separated people, and had a fearsome state apparatus to punish those who disagreed. Another reason why apartheid was seen as much worse than segregation, was that apartheid was introduced in a period when other countries were moving away from racist policies. Before World War Two the Western world was not as critical of racial discrimination, and Africa was colonized in this period. The Second World War highlighted the problems of racism, making the world turn away from such policies and encouraging demands for decolonization. It was during this period that South Africa introduced the more rigid racial policy of apartheid.

People often wonder why such a policy was introduced and why it had so much support. Various reasons can be given for apartheid, although they are all closely linked. The main reasons lie in ideas of racial superiority and fear. Across the world, racism is influenced by the idea that one race must be superior to another. Such ideas are found in all population groups. The other main reason for apartheid was fear, as in South Africa the white people are in the minority, and many were worried they would lose their jobs, culture and language. This is obviously not a justification for apartheid, but explains how people were thinking.
Apartheid Laws
Numerous laws were passed in the creation of the apartheid state. Here are a few of the pillars on which it rested:

Population Registration Act, 1950 This Act demanded that people be registered according to their racial group. This meant that the Department of Home affairs would have a record of people according to whether they were white, coloured, black, Indian or Asian. People would then be treated differently according to their population group, and so this law formed the basis of apartheid. It was however not always that easy to decide what racial group a person was part of, and this caused some problems.

Group Areas Act, 1950 This was the act that started physical separation between races, especially in urban areas. The act also called for the removal of some groups of people into areas set aside for their racial group.

Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, 1959 This Act said that different racial groups had to live in different areas. Only a small percentage of South Africa was left for black people (who comprised the vast majority) to form their 'homelands'. This Act also got rid of 'black spots' inside white areas, by moving all black people out of the city. Well known removals were those in District 6, Sophiatown and Lady Selborne. These black people were then placed in townships outside of the town. They could not own property here, only rent it, as the land could only be white owned. This Act caused much hardship and resentment. People lost their homes, were moved off land they had owned for many years and were moved to undeveloped areas far away from their place of work.

Some other important laws were the:

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949
Immorality Amendment Act, 1950
Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951
Resistance before 1960
Resistance to apartheid came from all circles, and not only, as is often presumed, from those who suffered the negative effects of discrimination. Criticism also came from other countries, and some of these gave support to the South African freedom movements.

Some of the most important organizations involved in the struggle for liberation were the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) and the United Democratic Front (UDF). There were also Indian and Coloured organized resistance movements (e.g. the Natal Indian Congress (NIC), the Coloured People's Organisation), white organized groups (e.g. the radical Armed Resistance Movement (ARM), and Black Sash) and church based groups (the Christian Institute). We shall consider the ANC.
The ANC
The ANC was formed in Bloemfontein in 1912, soon after the Union of South Africa. Originally it was called the South African Native National Congress (SANNC). It was started as a movement for the Black elite, that is those Blacks who were educated. In 1919, the ANC sent a deputation to London to plead for a new deal for South African blacks, but there was no change to their position.

The history of resistance by the ANC goes through three phases. The first was dialogue and petition; the second direct opposition and the last the period of exiled armed struggle. In 1949, just after apartheid was introduced, the ANC started on a more militant path, with the Youth League playing a more important role. The ANC introduced their Programme of Action in 1949, supporting strike action, protests and other forms of non-violent resistance. Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu started to play an important role in the ANC in this period. In 1952 the ANC started the Defiance Campaign. This campaign called on people to purposefully break apartheid laws and offer themselves for arrest. It was hoped that the increase in prisoners would cause the system to collapse and get international support for the ANC. Black people got onto 'white buses', used 'white toilets', entered into 'white areas' and refused to use passes. Despite 8 000 people ending up in jail, the ANC caused no threat to the apartheid regime.

The ANC continued along the same path during the rest of the 1950s, until in 1959 some members broke away and formed the PAC. These members wanted to follow a more violent and militant route, and felt that success could not be reached through the ANC's method.

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Before we can look at the history of the apartheid period it is necessary to understand what apartheid was and how it affected people. What was apartheid? Translated from the Afrikaans meaning 'apartness', apartheid was the ideology supported by the National Party (NP) government and was introduced in South Africa in 1948.

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IN the 1960s, South Africa was ruled by white supremacists.

South African political expert Stanley Uys:

"Faced with an immense problem, the National Party came up with an immense solution. Although there wasn't a single administrative district in South Africa in which Africans did not outnumber whites, the party's 'social engineers' started to draw the dividing lines. And among the first measures were statutes to separate the residential areas, not only of Africans and whites, but also of mixed race people and Indians. Then, racially mixed marriages were prohibited, as well as what was called 'immorality' between the races - that is, sexual relations.

"The way Afrikaners justified apartheid was to say it was God-ordained," said Stanley Uys. "Most Afrikaaners are Calvinists and there is a strong streak of determinism in their makeup.

"Their churches found theological justification for apartheid. And their assorted theoreticians, academics and others argued the case for the separation of colours. So it was basically through this determinism - found both in social science and religion - that apartheid was justified."

Amsterdam-born Hendrick Verwoerd was South Africa's president between 1958 and 1966:

" ... the white man, therefore, not only has an undoubted stake in - and right to - the land which he developed into a modern industrial state from denuded grassland and empty valleys and mountains. But - according to all the principles of morality - it was his, is his, and must remain his."

South African police beat African women with clubs in Durban in 1959, when the women raided and set fire to a beer hall in protest against police action against their home brewing activities. South Africa's racial segregation policies still trouble the nation. Date: 09/04/1959 Armed police arrest an entire household in a pre-dawn swoop on the Shumville section of Cato Manor, a suburb of Durban, South Africa, Jan. 26, 1960. Police roused Africans from their sleep and took them to police stations for questioning in their investigations into the death of eleven people, several of them policemen, in the riots of the previous weekend. South African blacks burn government passes no longer required by them as new violence among the black population erupted at Orlando, near Johannesburg, South Africa, March 28, 1960. In violence centered around Johannesburg and Cape Town, police and Africans mixed when some blacks fought others of their race who insisted on going to work in defiance of a "Day of Mourning" for those killed by white police just a week ago. Harold MacMillan, the British Prime Minister, standing at table, addresses a joint meeting of 250 members of the Assembly and Senate during his 'Wind of Change' speech in Cape Town, South Africa. Hugh Gaitskell, the Leader of the Opposition, and Father Trevor Huddleston in Piccadilly Circus as they marched at the head of a procession of about 2,000 people from Marble Arch to Trafalgar Square, London, for a rally to launch the March boycott of South African goods, intended as a protest against South Africa's apartheid policy. Gaitskell addressed the meeting, at which Father Huddleston was chairman. Date: 28/02/1960 This is an example of the type of South African pass blacks must carry and which caused rioting and death in non-white areas, March 20, 1960. Mobs protesting white supremacy laws which require blacks to carry the passes were fired upon by police.
Black South Africans line up at the counter at a government office to get their new passbooks in Johannesburg, South Africa, April 7, 1960. Hundreds of blacks, who had publicly burned their passes during recent campaign of defiance against the Apartheid government, picked up new passes required by all black South Africans to return to work. A Black South African shows his new passbook obtained from government officials in Johannesburg, April 7, 1960. Hundreds of Africans, who had publicly burned their passes during recent campaign of defiance against the Apartheid government, picked up new passes needed by all black South Africans for employment. Black South African workers are seen as they line up at a pass office in Johannesburg, South Africa, on April 8, 1960, to apply for new internal passbooks. The South African government enforces every black man to carry this document, before he is allowed to move around the country and work. Hundreds of blacks had publicly burned their old passes during a recent campaign of defiance against the Apartheid government. Date: 08/04/1960 Children sit on bench along waterfront in Durban, a big modern city on the Indian Ocean, May 27, 1960. Park benches like this are reserved for whites only. South African natives are not permitted to use them. These signs tell their own story of the divided society in South Africa, May 27, 1960 in Johannesburg. This is the gathering crowd at the African township of Sharpeville, south of Johannesburg, South Africa, March 21, 1960, a few hours before white police opened fire on them with Bren-guns. They were demonstrating against the law requiring black South Africans to carry passes. Sixty-nine were killed including 8 women and 10 children and hundreds injured in the shooting. Dressed in colourful uniforms with a leopard-skin pattern, Africans swing into a war dance against apartheid during demonstrations in Accra, Ghana on August 1, 1960. Thousands of Africans from country villages flocked into Accra after Kwame Nkrumah, the Prime Minister, had announced GhanaÂ's total boycott against the union of South Africa. This group carried ancient rifles to dance their symbolic battle against apartheid. Members of the Anti-apartheid League, wearing black armbands bearing the names of the African townships of Sharpeville and Langa in white letters, stand in line along the pavement in front of Lancaster House, London, on March 8, 1961, where the Comonwealth Prime Ministers Conference is being held. Working in teams of nine, each keeping watch for two hours, they intend to maintain a 72-hour vigil, one hour for every person killed in the Sharpeville shootings. A 1961 photo of Nelson Mandela, then a 42-year-old, political activist and an able heavyweight boxer and physical culturist. The son of a minor chieftain, Mandela took his degree in Law at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa. The Queen, with the Prime Ministers and heads of state attending the Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference at the dinner party she gave a Buckingham Palace. Among the group is Dr Hendrik Verwoed, making his last appearance at such a Commonwealth function. This week, owing to dissention over South Africa's apartheid policy, he withdrew his country from the Commonwealth. Left to right; Dr Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), Mr John Diefenbaker (Canada), Dr Hendrik Verwoed (South Africa), Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Field Marshal Mohamed Ayub Khan (Pakistan), Sir Roy Welensky (Rhodesia and Nyasaland), Mrs Sirimavo Bandanaraike (Ceylon), Mr Harold Macmillan (Britain), Mr Robert Menzies (Australia), and Archbishop Makarios (Cyprus). Date: 17/03/1961 South African Foreign Minister Eric Louw is burned in effigy on steps of Johannesburg City Hall, Oct. 13, 1961, by anti-apartheid demonstrators. South Africa was censured by the United Nations General Assembly this week after Louw defended his country's racial policies. Albert Luthuli, winner of the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his commitment to nonviolent resistance to apartheid, is shown in his home in Groutville, Natal Province, South Africa, on Oct. 24, 1961. The 62-year-old president of African National Congress is the first South African to win the Peace prize. Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, former president of South Africa's outlawed Pan-African Congress, is shown in his new prison at Robben Island in Johannesburg, South Africa, May 15, 1963. He is being detained indefinitely despite having completed a three-year term for incitement. A Johannesburg housewife demonstrates the pocket-size of tear gas aerosol spray, July 12, 1963 in South Africa, claimed by its South African manufacture to be more efficient as a defensive weapon than a revolver. Effective at distances to 12 feet, the sprayed gas can blind a victim for about 10 minutes and leaves no harmful after-effects. Sale is limited to Boers (whites) over 18. Each canister contains squirts, enough, the manufacturers say, "to deal with a mob.' The weapon was invented German-born Gunther Manfred Pruss, 41, was once served in the gas research section the German army. He's been living in Soul Africa since 1958. Latest South African defense weapon, a tear gas spray, is demonstrated by a housewife in Johannesburg, Aug. 30, 1963. The handbag size canister, designed primarily for women, costs $11. Only Boers (whites) over 18 can buy it. The spray, effective up to 12 feet, totally blinds the victim for 10 minutes. It is said to leave no harmful effect. Johannesburg housewives fire .22 pistols at a target during one of the weekly "pistol parties" in the capital of jittery white supremacist South Africa, Aug. 30, 1963. These housewives belong to a pistol-packers' club of women aged 25 to 61, all top marksmen. They bring coffee and sandwiches for a mid-morning break during their practice on the range. It's all part of South Africa's defense build-up against attacks which the country's leaders say they expect from other African countries. Residents of Johannesburg, South Africa, receive instructions in use of small arms at a pistol training school, Jan. 16, 1965. Activities such as these are commonplace in the African nation, as are other forms of civilian military preparedness. This is a photo of the entrance to the Zoological Gardens in Johannesburg, South Africa, in June 1965. Under Apartheid law, separate entrances are designated for whites and non-whites. This is a photograph of a butcher shop in Johannesburg, South Africa, taken in May, 1965. They advertise second grade meat, which is sold at a lesser price, bought mostly by the black Africans and servants. Feb. 3rd, 1960. He told the South African MPs that Britain did not approve "some aspects" of their government's policies. Bishops, among the leaders of a peaceful anti-apartheid demonstration, are seen heading the 2000 marchers from Twickenham Station to the Rugby ground, before the start of the England v South Africa match. Among those in the picture are: The former cricketer, the Rt. Rev. David Sheppard (Bishop of Woolwich), 2nd left, ; Lord Soper (5th left),; Mr Ian Mikardo, M.P. (6th left),; and next to him Lord Brockway. In the second row, just behind the banner bearer (on right) is the Rt. Rev. Trevor Huddleston, the Bishop of Stepney (without glasses). Date: 20/12/1969 Anti-apartheid demonstrators whistle and shout 'seig heil' at the Rugby match between London Counties and the South African Springboks at Twickenham. Date: 22/11/1969 White wives paradise - Apartheid breaks down when the African servant takes charge of young white children as evidenced here - a white baby is bottle bed by her African Nannie as her brother plays behind the Nannies only seat in an all-white park in Johannesburg, South Africa. Date: 18/05/1966

The shock assassination of Hendrik Verwoerd in the Cape Town Parliament causes questions to be raised about the future of South Africa. Verwoerd was killed by a white man who thought that poor white people needed more help. Individuals from all sides of the political spectrum give their views on his assassination and the future of South Africa.

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Apartheid South Africa In the 1960s - Photos Of The Black And White Years - Flashbak

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IN the 1960s, South Africa was ruled by white supremacists. South African political expert Stanley Uys: "Faced with an immense problem, the National Party came up with an immense solution. Although there wasn't a single administrative district in South Africa in which Africans did not outnumber whites, the party's 'social engineers' started to draw the dividing lines.

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Trevor Noah is the most successful comedian in Africa and is the host of the Emmy and Peabody Award-winning on Comedy Central. This year has been nominated for three Emmys, including Outstanding Variety Talk Series. Noah joined The Daily Show with Jon Stewart in 2014 as a contributor.

It was recently announced that Noah will debut his 9th new comedy special on Tuesday, February 21 on Netflix. The special was shot before a packed house in New York City at the Beacon Theatre on November 5, 2016. Last year, Noah debuted his one-hour stand-up special, Trevor Noah: Lost in Translation, on Comedy Central. Noah was the subject of David Paul Meyer's award-winning documentary film which tells the story of his remarkable career in post-apartheid South Africa. His Showtime comedy special, Trevor Noah: African American premiered in 2013. He was nominated for "Personality of the Year" at the 2014 and 2015 MTV Africa Music Awards and won the award in 2015. Trevor's success has also spanned to sold out shows over 5 continents.

Born in South Africa to a black South African mother and a white European father, Noah has hosted numerous television shows including South Africa's music, television and film awards, and two seasons of his own late night talk show, Tonight with Trevor Noah.

In November 2016, Trevor released his first book Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood, which was an instant New York Times bestseller. Additionally, his performance on the was Audible's highest rated audiobook of 2016, and has remained one of the top selling titles on Audible since its release. It was also nominated for two NAACP Image Awards, one for Outstanding Literary Work by a Debut Author and another for Outstanding Literary Work in the Biography/Auto-Biography category.

The book is collection of personal stories about growing up in South Africa during the last gasps of apartheid and the tumultuous days of freedom that came with its demise. Already known for his incisive social and political commentary, here Noah turns his focus inward, giving readers an intimate look at the world that shaped him. These are true stories, sometimes dark, occasionally bizarre, frequently tender, and always hilarious. Whether subsisting on caterpillars during months of extreme poverty or making comically hapless attempts at teenage romance, from the time he was thrown in jail to the time he was thrown from a speeding car driven by murderous gangsters, the experiences covered in this book will shock and amaze, even as they leave you rolling on the floor with laughter. The audiobook version performed by Trevor Noah is currently available from Audible Studios.

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Trevor Noah is the most successful comedian in Africa and is the host of the Emmy and Peabody Award-winning on Comedy Central. This year has been nominated for three Emmys, including Outstanding Variety Talk Series. Noah joined The Daily Show with Jon Stewart in 2014 as a contributor.

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‘Born a Crime,’ Trevor Noah’s Raw Account of Life Under Apartheid (Published 2016)

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His memoir provides a harrowing look, through the prism of Mr. Noah’s family, at life in South Africa under apartheid, and the country’s entry into a postapartheid era.

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ANC : African National Congress (The political party that defended the black majority against the white minority)

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Watch from 1:26 to the end

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Trevor Noah Was 'Born a Crime' in South Africa

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Make a small summary of the history of Apartheid and justify why Trevor Noah wrote his book. (in 80 words)

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Nelson Mandela: Civil Rights Activist & President Of South Africa | Biography