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- Feelings or sentiments for a 'White Australia' increased significantly during the goldrush as a result of an influx of Chinese migrants to Australia.

-Subsequently, anti- Chinese sentiment was displayed in newspapers and leagues and legislation was introduced to ensure the preservation of the white Australian way of life and its British heritage.

-There was also violent reactions to the Chinese through riots.

-The Chinese responded to this hostility in a variety of ways.

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A European wife of a Chinese miner was beaten and nearly killed,another Chinese miner had his finger severed for a gold ring, as tents,a joss house, and property was looted and burned around them.

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-series of violent clashes between Chinese and white miners at the Buckland River

-meeting of white miners on July 4th, a small group began to charge through the Chinese camp tearing down tents and demanding that the Chinese leave.

-acts of violence; chinese were robbed, trampled and beaten

- Panic-stricken Chinese fled across the river, helped by sympathitic Europeans.

-2500 Chinese miners were expelled from their camps, three died from exposure and another is said to have drowned.

-compensation for the Chinese diggers and they were encouraged to return to the field under the guidance of police and an appointed Chinese Protector.

-All but four of the arrested white rioters were acquitted, as local juries believed their anger was understandable.

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Anit-Chinese leagues were groups of white miners/colonists that met up and wanted the removal of the Chinese miners from the gold fields.

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Chinese fled across the river and were given
assistance and shelter by sympathetic European diggers and
landowners.

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Ways The Chinese Challenged the White Miners

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Ways The Chinese Challenged the White Miners

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The Chinese miners in Victoria were challenging White Australia sentiment was by setting up businesses throughout the goldfields and continued to mine for gold. They continued to occupy and appropriate public space. They were well known for being market gardeners, hawkers (merchants), cabinet makers and fruit merchants.

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By the end of the 1850s they called themselves Miner’s Protective League

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A picture of what the Petitions would have looked like (Not the actual petition they used)

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-Were used to outline Chinese contribution to Australian society and their grievances (Inconveniences).

-They were usually written letters or proposals by the Chinese community leaders and Chinese residents of towns and cities.

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- The Victorian Government created a specific tax for the Chinese. If they landed in Melbourne they would be forced to pay £10 for each person. The Chinese would avoid this by landing in South Australia and then walk to Victoria.

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- The Victorian Government created a specific tax for the Chinese. If they landed in Melbourne they would be forced to pay £10 for each person. The Chinese would avoid this by landing in South Australia and then walk to Victoria.

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"The presence of a people who are characterised by being treacherous, murderous, addicted to robbery"
"We must come to the conclusion that the Chinese are demons in human shape, not only not fit to be allowed in the country but not fit to live"

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They also created laws about intermarriage between Chinese and Europeans in NSW. This was enforced by the NSW premier Henry Parkes. He stated, “There can be no…intermarriage or social communion between the British and the Chinese.”

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They also created laws about intermarriage between Chinese and Europeans in NSW. This was enforced by the NSW premier Henry Parkes. He stated, “There can be no…intermarriage or social communion between the British and the Chinese.”

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Petitions were presented to parliament or civic leaders and printed in newspapers. They contained hundreds or even thousands of signatures supporting the Chinese stance from both Chinese and European communities.

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Belonging to thousands of Chinese citizens accompanied the petitions and supported the Chinese stance from both European and Chinese communities. These petitions would be presented to Parliament or Civic Leaders and were often printed out on newspapers

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The 'chinese question', as the local newspapers referred to it, argued the degrading impact of the 'Chinaman' on Victorian society

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The move to form anti-Chinese leagues spread to other Victorian goldfields and New South Wales.

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- The 'Chinese question argued the degrading impact of 'Chinaman' on Victorian Society. Because of public despair,  commission to investigate the Chinese and their effect on the society was created

- Amor De Cosmos (newspaper editor of the 'British Colonist') was an anti - Chinese activist and represented much of the settler population. His newspaper was a known advocate of the settler anti - Chinese sentiment and often dealt with the notion of 'Social Statesmanship'. The 'British Colonist' presented arguments for banning the Chinese labourer.

These arguments were:

"The Chinaman's tendency is to "degrade labour and lessen the opportunities of employment"

"It is not because the Chinaman is more skillful or more industrious; it is simply because, being  hereditarily on a lower plane of civilisation, he can exist comfortably, according to his habits, below the subsistence point which the preservation of our civilised condition requires"

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Public meetings were part of Chinese protest and were held at the goldfields or nearby towns. Those who attended were mainly Chinese migrants however some Europeans attended. They were an excellent demonstration of civic support and solidarity.

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'the evil effects likely to ensue from the great and continued influx of Chinese into this Colony', ' it affects the moral standards in society'.

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- "...the miners look upon the Chinese as a 'treacherous, murderous and robbing race,' ... and it would become the bouden duty of the authorities to take immediate steps for the expulsion of a class so pernicious in a community."
- "...monstrous charges against the Chinese," "...the presence of these foreigners in the country in any large proportion to the population must be attended with evil consequences."
- "[What] are the best steps that can be taken to prevent the ingress of any more of these people[?]"
- "...a sweeping charge against then that they were a lewd and immoral race."
"[We have] come to the conclusion that the Chinese are demons in human shape, not only not fit to be allowed to remain in the country, but not fit to live."

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Not Exactly what the meeting looked like but At the end of the day, I'm just tryna make sure you guys get an idea of what happened

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Another Characteristic of Chinese Protest

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Another Characteristic of Chinese Protest

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were Public Meetings. These Meetings were often hosted in the Goldfields or nearby towns and although mostly consisted of Chinese Migrants, there were also Europeans that attended them. These Meetings were a great example of civic support and solidarity (Strength) and helped emphasise the Chinese cause.

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1.In the image it shows how the Chinese man is Inferior compared to the European as in the image the European stood higher and the way he stood which proves this. 2. Using the text and image we can see that the Europeans hated the Chinese because they would not be like them and follow them. This is clearly seen when the European says "You won't drink whisky, and talk politics and vote.

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This source does fit with the interpretations and understanding of this time period as the source represents a public meeting which was one characteristic of Chinese protest.

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Comprehension Questions from the Source 'Meeting of the Chinese at Ballarat'

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Comprehension Questions from the Source 'Meeting of the Chinese at Ballarat'

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1) Q: Link the primary source to your knowledge of the period: Does your understanding of the source fit with other
interpretations of the time period or does it challenge these? If so why/how?
A: It kind of does reflect what happened at the Gold rush.

A Chinese Person did say that his people were discriminate in a way. For example , for every head that came in will have to pay a tax of one European Pound.

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Evidence of Racist behaviour towards Chinese

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Evidence of Racist behaviour towards Chinese

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Throughout the source there isn't much racist behaviour as it is mainly about the Chinese migrants asking for no tax towards them and explaining the misunderstanding of their living and working practices. However, the Chinese do get referred to as 'celestials' implying them as extraterrestrial or something other than human.