# data[].attributes.body
Camillo de Cavour amid to create a unified Italian state. led the Unification of Italy
The post-revolutionary European world become one of dramatic nation building that ultimately set the stage for 20th century nationalistic favor.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Italian and German Unification: Crash Course European History #27

# data[].attributes.body
Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria.
The Liberals installed a new cabinet under Massimo d’Azeglio, a moderate trusted by the king
In October 1850 Camillo Benso di Cavour, entered the cabinet and directed a laissez-faire economic policy.
Cavour displaced d’Azeglio as head of the cabinet.
In 1857 Italian nationalists founded the monarchist-unionist Italian National Society, which supported the policies of Cavour. Under the presidency of Manin and the vice presidency of Garibaldi, the society achieved wider appeal than it would have achieved under the exclusive leadership of moderates

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The role of Piedmont

In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections. The victorious Liberals installed a new cabinet under Massimo d'Azeglio, a moderate trusted by the king. D'Azeglio introduced the Siccardi law, which curtailed the power of ecclesiastical courts. In October 1850 another prominent moderate, Camillo Benso di Cavour, entered the cabinet and directed a laissez-faire economic policy. He formulated international commercial treaties and drew on foreign capital to reduce the public debt, stimulate economic growth, and develop a railroad system. Cavour's dynamism alarmed conservatives and even d'Azeglio. In 1852, through an alliance with centre-left deputies that became known as the connubio ("marriage"), Cavour displaced d'Azeglio as head of the cabinet. Despite disagreements with the king (who favoured the clerical party and occasionally displayed absolutist tendencies), Cavour introduced various ecclesiastical, judicial, and fiscal reforms.

A number of events promoted Piedmont's prestige in Italy and abroad. In March 1854 France and England intervened in support of the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the Crimean War. To obtain Austrian support, they were prepared to guarantee the status quo in Italy. Only Piedmont was in a position to disrupt it at that time, and Cavour negotiated an alliance with the Western powers. In May he sent to Crimea an army that performed brilliantly. As a result, Piedmont was able to assume a place among the victors at the Congress of Paris (February 1856). From this platform Cavour, achieving a diplomatic coup for Piedmont and Italy, declared that the only threat to peace in Italy, and the root cause of subversive plots, was the burdensome Austrian overlordship. Cavour's pronouncements at the congress increased the standing of Piedmont among nationalists.

Meanwhile, Mazzini's democratic and republican movement was crumbling. In February 1853 an insurrection against the Austrians failed in Milan. The discovery and execution at Belfiore (1852-53) of the leaders of a conspiracy in Mantua, as well as abortive insurrections in Cadore and Lunigiana, discredited the democratic movement and discouraged its most dedicated adherents. Mazzini faced complete isolation for his support of an expedition to the southern mainland to incite insurrection, known as the Sapri expedition (June-July 1857), in which the Neapolitan republican and socialist Carlo Pisacane and some 300 companions lost their lives. The democrats were divided and unable to carry on the revolutionary struggle; nothing was to be expected from the restored governments. In Lombardy-Venetia, Austria carried out stern repressive measures. Pius IX, now under the influence of the reactionary Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli, refused to grant any reforms in Rome. Liberal Catholicism could not remain viable without reforms in the Papal States. In Naples and the duchies, reaction became pervasive, although the grand duke of Tuscany sought to make his subjects forget that he owed his throne to Austrian military intervention. Only in Piedmont was there any hope left for the reformers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State: In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections.

# data[].attributes.body
Austria was the most powerful state in the Holy Roman empire. However during the reformation their control of the German states dwindled. Then during the Napoleonic wars at the beginning of the 19th century he created the confederation oh the Rhine out of his conquests in Germany. As the war progressed German speaker began to feel a sense of unity. And eventually when napoleon was on the retreat, Germans from all the states began to volunteer to fight.

# data[].attributes.body
The formal unification of Germany officially occurred on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France.
Unification exposed several glaring religious, linguistic, social, and cultural differences between and among the inhabitants of the new nation,
The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which had included more than 500 independent states, was effectively dissolved when Emperor Francis IV abdicated (6 August 1806) during the War of the Third Coalition. Prussia would rise up to challenge Austria for leadership within the German states. This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification:  the small Germany solution (Germany without Austria), or greater Germany solution (Germany with Austria).

# data[].attributes.body
During the Napoleonic wars the British helped the Portuguese royal family to escape Europe and set up court in Brazil. But after the walls had finished King John did not return to Portugal straightaway. Because he believed his presence in Brazil stopped and independence movements. Brazil was then raised to an equal partner in the empire Forming the united Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve's.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

# data[].attributes.body
Brazil entered nationhood with considerably less strife and bloodshed than did the Spanish-speaking nations of the New World

Most Portuguese desired John VI’s return after the French withdrawal, but he remained away as Iberian troubles mounted. The king finally became preoccupied with the situation when radical revolts erupted in Lisbon and Oporto in 1820. On April 22, 1821, he appointed his son Dom Pedro regent and two days later sailed for Lisbon.