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Signs of active TB disease include:

A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks

Chest Pain

Coughing up blood

Feeling tired all the time

Night Sweats

Chills

Fever

Loss of appetite

Weight loss

Clubbing of the fingers may occur

Latent TB has no symptoms. A skin or blood test can tell if you have it.

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Humans acquire M. tuberculosis infections aerosolized droplets, persons with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) when they cough, sneeze, or speak, droplets containing bacteria are released into the air, and people nearby who breathe the air in gets infected.

A single cough can produce 3000-5000 tiny droplet nuclei. Theoretically, although a single tuberculosis bacilli may cause disease in practice 5-200 inhaled bacilli are essential for infection.

Two factors determine an individual risk of exposure: concentration of droplets nuclei-contaminated air, and the length of time breathing that air.

Occasionally infection occurs by ingestion of infected milk (M. bovis)

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People with weakened immune systems are most likely to develop active TB.

HIV

Smoking - Tobacco use and secondhand smoke increase the risk of developing TB. These factors also make the disease harder to treat and more likely to return after treatment.

low body weight

substance abuse disorders

diabetes

severe kidney disease

head and neck cancers

Also, some medical treatments, such as an organ transplant, impede the functioning of the immune system.

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HIV weakens the immune system, making it easy for TB to spread. For people with HIV, TB is considered to be an opportunistic infection, i.e. a person with HIV has a higher risk of developing TB and experiencing more severe symptoms than a person with a healthy immune system. Treatment for TB can be complex in a person with HIV, but a doctor can develop a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses both issues.

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To help stop the spread of TB:

For latent tuberculosis, medication is prescribed so it doesn’t become active and contagious.

For active Tuberculosis, limit your contact with other people, cover your mouth when you laugh, sneeze, or cough, and wear a surgical mask when you’re around other people during the first weeks of treatment.

If traveling to a place where TB is common, avoid spending a lot of time in crowded places with sick people.

Tuberculosis vaccine
Children in countries where TB is common often get the BCG vaccine.

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Anti-tuberculosis drugs destroy the tubercle bacilli, thereby preventing further complications of early primary disease and progression of the disease. These drugs are divided into the following:

First-line drugs: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin (injection), and Pyrazinamide

Second-line drugs, used for the cases of TB where first-line drugs are ineffective include ciprofloxacin, cycloserine, ethionamide, kanamycin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, capreomycin, and others.