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"Spider" 1996. Bronze, silver nitrate patina.                              440 cm × 670 cm × 520 cm  

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Louise Bourgeois is a French-American artist who had gained recognition from her large scale sculptures. The themes for these large instalations are mainly inspired by Bourgeois' mental state/mental health; such as the relationship with her parents and abandonment. Such can be seen in "Spider" 1996, where she represented herself and her mother as a large insect. This work is an intricate and sometimes contradictory mix of psychological and biographical allusions, a clever use of symbolism.

Anastazja T

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The Museum of Modern Art was founded on the 7th of November 1929 by Alfred H Barr, his motivation being that it would help people to better understand and appreciate modern art.
Some of the museum's highlights include The Persistence of memory (1931) by Salvador Dali, Self Portrait with cropped hair (1940) by Frida Kahlo, and Drowning Girl (1963) by Roy Lichtenstein.
The Museum is still very successful, the current director being Glen Lowry who has been the director of MoMA since 1995.
More information can be found at the museum's website at https://www.moma.org/
- Jack

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No title 1969-1970 "America is Hard to See" at Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

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Eva Hesse ( Born in 1936)  was a German-born American sculptor know to be one of the icons of American art in the 1960s. Her work embodies elements of minimalism in its simple shapes, delicate lines, and limited colour palette, Hesse was an adventurer and brave with her materials, known for using unusual materials such as rubber tubing, fibreglass, synthetic resins, cord, cloth, and wire. Hesse made " No title" whilst she was battling brain cancer and was limited in her mobility but with the physical support she recieved she done a great deal of work, In a preparatory drawing for No title, Hesse noted that the work “completes itself".

https://www.hauserwirth.com/artists/2810-eva-hesse

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https://www.davidzwirner.com/artists/yayoi-kusama

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Born 1938 in Passaic, New Jersey, Robert Smithson was a self-taught artist who expanded what art could be and where it could be found. For over fifty years his work, writings, and ideas have influenced artists and thinkers, building the ground from which contemporary art has grown. In his short and prolific life, Smithson produced paintings, drawings, sculptures, architectural schemes, films, photographs, writings, earthworks and all the stops between.

He explored the conceptual and physical boundaries of landscape and is best known for his earthworks Spiral Jetty (1970 Great Salt Lake, Utah), Broken Circle/Spiral Hill (1971, Emmen, The Netherlands), and Amarillo Ramp (1973, Amarillo, Texas). Prior to this earthwork trilogy, Smithson created temporal earthworks, made to have a finite life rather than transform over long periods of time. The short lived earthworks Asphalt Rundown (1969, Rome), Glue Pour (1969, Vancouver), Concrete Pour (1969, Chicago), and Partially Buried Woodshed (1970, Kent State) speak to issues of time and the human condition.

At age thirty-five, while photographing Amarillo Ramp, Smithson died in a small airplane accident, along with pilot Gale Ray Rogers and photographer Robert E. Curtin. Nancy Holt, Richard Serra and Tony Shafrazi completed Amarillo Ramp one month after his passing.

Smithson’s writings on art, western culture, graphic texts, and interviews are published in The Writings of Robert Smithson, edited by Nancy Holt (1979, New York University Press, with an expanded version edited by Jack Flam published in 1998 by University of California Press). His works are held in numerous museum collections, including: Art Institute of Chicago; Dia Art Foundation, New York; Museum of Modern Art, New York; National Gallery, Washington DC; National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York.

From 1973 Nancy Holt cared for the Estate of Robert Smithson, whom she married in 1963. In 2014 she willed Holt/Smithson Foundation into being, which strives to continue the creative legacies of both Holt and Smithson.

https://holtsmithsonfoundation.org/

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Cathy Wilkes is a Northern Irish artist who lives and works in Glasgow. She is primarily known for her large-scale installations of seemingly disparate objects, many of which are distressed, damaged, altered or adapted. After graduating with a BA from The Glasgow School of Art in 1988 she went on to obtain an MFA from University of Ulster in 1992. Her work is so compelling that she represented Scotland at the 2005 Venice Biennale and the United Kingdom in 2019. She was the recipient of the Inaugural Maria Lassnig Prize in 2017and has exhibited world-wide throughout her career.

Wilkes’s installations explore a multiplicity of meanings, both personal and universal. The highly charged arrangements of common place items and personal artefacts seem to stop time. The Chipped, discoloured, worn thin, broken, and often encrusted objects have a strong psychological pull, requiring a particular form of dedication, because Wilkes’s work is very unorthodox. This embrace of soiled items is an honest confrontation with reality that grime is tied to life, no matter how much of our lives we might spend keeping uncleanliness at bay.

She invites us to think, helping us to fill another’s shoes whether we identify with the scene or not. Her objects inhabit the same space as our own dismissing typical framing and supports, inviting viewers to wander through her work. This helps us ask the question of ‘what is happening here?’. Wilkes’s work is clearly about marginalization, about the everyday situations of the downtrodden, the voiceless, and the dispossessed. On a personal note, I feel a great sense of compassion for Wilkes, her work moves me to tears.

https://www.themoderninstitute.com/artists/cathy-wilkes

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Richard Tuttle, born on July 12th 1941, is an American Post-minimalist Artist, although he rejects the rationality and precision of minimalism. He is heavily inspired by scale and line and began incorporating the frame of his work into his compositions as an element, breaking the boundaries in between the artwork and the negative space surrounding. Tuttle is known for his small, subtle and intimate work. He is also influenced by juxtaposition.

“Richard Tuttle his revolutionised the landscape of contemporary art, challenging rules and notions of genre and media.” - https://www.pacegallery.com/artists/richard-tuttle/

Tuttle uses a very wide range of materials and processes such as; sculpture, painting, drawing and printmaking. He also writes poetry.

“Richard Tuttle draws beauty and poetry out of humble materials, creating works that exist in the present moment, reflect the fragility of the world, and allow for individual experiences of perception” -
https://www.pacegallery.com/artists/richard-tuttle/

Other interesting information can be found here: http://www.artnet.com/artists/richard-tuttle/

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Alexander Calder, Maripose, 1960, 30 x 67in.

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Alexander Calder born in 1898 into a very artistic family, his father and grandfather were sculptors, and his mother was a painter. As a child, he had a workshop and used tools to construct toys and gadgets with bits of wire, cloth, and string. He was an American sculptor known both for his innovative mobiles that embrace chance in their aesthetic, and static "stabiles" monumental public sculptures. He didn't limit his art to sculptures; he also created paintings, jewellery, theatre sets and costumes. To make a mobile, he attached brightly painted metal shapes to wire, using trial and error to balance each one. He usually cut natural forms that looked like leaves and petals rather than hardedge geometric shapes. Calder's engineering background came in handy as he experimented with different materials to balance and build his mobiles. His use of industrial materials like steel, aluminium, and wire was new. When Calder's mobiles move with the breeze, they change shape and cast interesting shadows. Some even "sing" as their movable parts rub against each other.

https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/alexander-calder-848/who-is-alexander-calder

Damian M

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A square divided horizontally and vertically into four equal parts, each with a different direction of alternating parallel bands of lines , 1982

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Sol LeWitt born in 1928 was an American artist associated with various movements, including with conceptual art and minimalism. LeWitt rose to fame in the late 1960s for his wall drawings and "structures" (a term he used in place of "sculpture") but was also a prolific artist in other fields, including drawing, painting and graphics. His work has been the subject of hundreds of exhibitions in museums and galleries around the world since 1965. It ranges from wall drawings (of which he made over 1,200) to hundreds of paper works (including towers, pyramids and other geometric forms). His works vary in size from installations built inside galleries to monumental works in open space. The frequent use of modular structures derives from the cube, a form that has greatly influenced the artist's way of thinking. Whereas many Minimalist artists turned to industrial materials, LeWitt simplified even further, still employing traditional materials - wood, canvas, paint, for instance - but focusing instead on concepts and systems. While the use of industrial materials implied a certain expectation of permanence with regard to a work of art, in direct contrast, LeWitt appreciated the ephemeral character and impermanence of Conceptual art. In short, he let the traditional materials speak for themselves, to demonstrate their own vulnerability to decay, destruction, or obsolescence.

https://www.theartstory.org/artist/lewitt-sol/

Damian M

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaDCLcgWMHk

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https://afterall.org/article/gran-fury-read-my-lips

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Robert Smithson,  'Red Sandstone Corner Piece'  1968

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The Philadelphia Museum of Art, built by Julian Abele and Howel Lewis Shey, opened in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition of Philadelphia, with the main museum building being completed in 1928. The Museum’s ambition is to educate, enlighten and inspire individuals and society. Timothy Rub is the Director, and he is also an art historian who holds the position of Chief Executive officer at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, one of the largest museum’s in the United States.

Edouard Manet’s ‘The Battle of Kearsarge and the Alabama’ is one of the main highlights of the Museum among many others such as ‘Sunflowers’ by Van Gogh, ‘Portrait of Mademoiselle Legrand’ by Pierre-Aguste Renoir and an attempted motion painting by Marcel Duchamp.

Robert Smithson features in this museum with his Red Sandstone Corner Piece, made in 1968 with mirrors and sandstone. It is 121.9cm x 121.9cm x 121.9cm. However, this piece is currently not on view in the museum.

https://philamuseum.org/

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Kara walker, born  26 november 1969, is an american artist based in new york who is best known for her candid investigation of race, gender, sexuality, and violence through silhouetted figures that have appeared in numerous exhibitions worldwide. She is best known for her room-size tableaux of black cut-paper silhouettes, which kind of reminds me of the cards with splotches of black paint that some therapists use on clients to know how they see it on how their mind works and i think the artist is kind of replicating that in her work with having people who view her art think about what their seeing and what it means.

Born in Stockton, California in 1969, Walker was raised in Atlanta, Georgia from the age of 13. She studied at the Atlanta College of Art (BFA, 1991) and the Rhode Island School of Design (MFA, 1994). She is the recipient of many awards, notably the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Achievement Award in 1997 and the United States Artists Eileen Harris Norton Fellowship in 2008. In 2012, Walker became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2015, she was named the Tepper Chair in Visual Arts at the Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University.  Her work can be found in museums and public collections throughout the United States and Europe.

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Guerrilla girls is an anonymous feminist group devoted to stopping and fighting sexism and racist in the art world. The group uses culture jamming in the form of books, posters, billboards and public appearances to expose discrimination and corruption.
The guerrilla girls have set up many surprise exhibitions where they wear ‘guerrilla masks’ to remain anonymous. The works usually created are rude can bold, not hiding the truth. The guerrilla girls have also been known to use stickers to get their messages across by either handing them out or sticking them to public places to raise alarm on these prevalent issues.  By using the reference of gorillas it turns the idea of being a woman on its head these powerful strong woman are not seen as delicate anymore.
The guerrilla girls mainly use paper or similar materials to create their works.

https://nmwa.org/art/artists/guerrilla-girls/

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Isa Genzken was born on the 27th November 1948, she’s a German artist and works in Berlin.  Her main focus is sculpture and installations. Using many materials including concrete, wood, plaster and textiles. In the past ten years she has started assembling work with many ‘found objects’ Other media she works with is video, film, photography, painting, records and collages.

Considered one of Germanys most important and influential artists she focuses on the legacies of constructivism and minimalism and often involves an open critical dialogue with modernist architecture and contemporary visual and material culture. One of her most famous works is Rose(1993) it is a public sculpture of a singular long stemmed rose. Its made from enamelled stainless steel and towers eight feet above Leipzigs museum district. Later she went on to make Rose II.

https://www.hauserwirth.com/artists/2784-isa-genzken

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Francis Alÿs was born in 1959, Antwerp. He grew up in Belgium but is a Mexico-based artist. The main focus of his work is urban tensions and geopolitics and he addresses this through observation of, and engagement with everyday life, for example exploring cities by foot. He employs a broad range of media from painting to performance. Many of his performances are done in public and he engages rumour as a central tool with practice based works through word-of-mouth storytelling.

Much of his early performance work he did the performances by himself but more recently he has employed others to be the protagonists in his performances. For example When faith moves mountains(2002) and The silence of Ani(2015).One of his most iconic artworks is Paradox of Praxis where he pushes a large block of ice around a city for nine hours until it melted. This functioned as performance art that engaged with minimalism and current concerns about city life.

https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/francis-alys-4427

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Keith Haring was a popular american artist who was a key part of the new york art scene during the 1980s. He was mainly known for his colourful pop art imagery. His contempary art often related to political and social movements. Some of these being the AIDS epidemic and drug abuse, the battle to end apartheid. Haring also represented the LGBTQ community through his work, as an openly gay artist. His aim was to make art accessible to anyone, so a lot of his pieces were chalked or painted onto walls of subways, ending in Haring being arrested on many occasions. The majority of his pieces were animated and colourful, sometimes described as "child-like" however they expressed important messages and were often created to a large scale, to spread his voice around the city of New York. He would paint his pieces to the rhythm of whatever hip hop music he was listening to at the time, often painted on vinyl tarpaulin used as a surface for break dancers to perform.
Haring not only created wonderful art, but set up his own foundation to raise awareness of AIDS, before sadly passing at age 31 from AIDS.

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Pleaser, 2009 Cellophane, paint, sellotape, thread 250 x 200 cm

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Karla Black is an artist born Scotland in 1972 in Alexandria, Dunbartonshire where she went on to study at The Glasgow School of Art from 1995 to 1999, she went on to achieve her MPhil in Art and Organisational Contexts 1999-2000 plus an MFA in 2002 to 2004. Black resides in Glasgow where she continues her art.

Black is interested in creating art that comes to life and draws on a variety of creative traditions like performance, land art and formalism. Materials we use daily such as soap, toothpaste and cotton are investigated with the more traditional art materials such as Paint, plaster and pigment which express the far limits sculptures can achieve. She has quoted about her work being a place she calls  ‘almost painting, almost installation, almost performance art.’ when spoken about her work as being full of unsureness. she uses a variety of different materials such as cellophane, polythene and paper which hangs from ribbon or tape above a larger floor made from chalk powder, soil and plaster. She has her own solo exhibitions in places such as the Institute of Contemporary Art is Philadelphia(2013), the Migros Museum in Zurich(2009 and the Gallery of Modern Art in Glasgow(2012), she also has her works being displayed in reputable collections like The Hammer Museum in LA and tate and the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art. She was nominated for for the Turner prize ans she also represented Scotland at the 54th Venice Biennale in the same year of 2011. Another achievement of hers is being in the ‘GENERATION: 25 years of Contemporary Art in Scotland’.

https://www.capitainpetzel.de/artists/33-karla-black/biography/

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Ernesto Neto is a contemporary visual artist, born in 1964 in Brazil where he still lives and works. His work explores constructions of social space and the natural world and creates inviting physical interaction and sensory experience with his works. He draws inspiration from biomorphism and minimalist sculpture, as well as Neo-concretism and other Brazilian vangaurd movements from the 60s and 70s. Neto is specifically interested in using materials that engage the senses, incorporating organic shapes and materials such as spices, sand and shells. This changes the boundary between the artwork and the viewer, making a new type of sensory perception within an exhibition.

Neto often uses transparent and stretchy materials along with styrofoam pellets and intense spices within his soft biomorphic sculptures. many of his sculptural environments are designed purposefully for a specific exhibition or space, using crocheted nets and cocoons that are sewed with nylon and often carry substances such as spices, candies, sand and colourful styrofoam, which creates pendulous sculptures that look as though they are dripping from the ceiling.
https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/brazil/articles/the-art-of-ernesto-neto-a-trip-into-the-ludic/

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https://www.davidzwirner.com/artists/felix-gonzalez-torres/past-exhibitions

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https://www.kurimanzutto.com/artists/jimmie-durham#tab:slideshow

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http://www.marthagarzon.com/contemporary_art/2012/07/rebecca-horn-body-art-performance-installations/

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Jack, Wyn, Maria, Sophie

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https://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-modern

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In 1969 President George’s Pompidou wanted to start construction on a building that could hold the museum of modern art and contemporary art, a library and a centre for music research and creation. He and his wife decided that Centre Pompidou had to be somewhere artists could talk with the public. Construction began in 1972 however George Pompidou died in 1974 before the construction could be finished. It passed onto his successor Valery Giscard d'Estaing  and it opened on the 31 January 1977. It is located in Paris

The aim of Centre Pompidou is to demonstrate the profoundly interdisciplinary dimension of modernity through its exhibitions and publications. Centre Pompidou proposes ambitious monographic or thematic exhibitions to its partners, covering all areas of 20th and 21st century art and creation.

Some notable works include;

-Vassily Kandinsky,

mit dem schwarzen bogen (avec l'arc noir)

1912

-Marcel Duchamp

fontaine

1917/1964

-Robert Delaunay

manège de cochons

1922

-Otto Dix

bildnis der journalistin sylvia von harden (portrait de la journaliste sylvia von harden)

1926

The current director is Laurent le Bon (born 2 April 1969) an art historian who presbyopia was the director from 2005 to 2014. In 2014 he left to take over the musée Picasso. In 2021 he returned to Centre Pompidou replacing Serge Lasvignes.

Francis Alys, Isa Genzken, Alexander Calder, Sol le Witt and Lucio Fontana all have work displayed in The Centre Pompidou

https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/

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https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/

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1. Why and when was the museum founded? (Emily)

The art institute of Chicago was founded as a museum and a school for the fine arts in 1879. The main building was originally made for the joint purpose of providing an additional facility for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition. It also was to provide a high standard of global education in the fine art industry.

2. Does it have a particular focus, aim or ambition? (Maya)

Although the museum does not have a set ambition, they aim to provide excellence in the delivery of a global education in visual, design, media and related arts. the museum focus's on 'collections' of work featuring many famous european artists works.
4. What can you find out about the director of the museum? (Shannon)

The museum’s President and Eloise W. Martin Director since January 2016, James Rondeau began his time with the Art Institute of Chicago in 1998 as associate curator of contemporary art. In 2004, he became Dittmer Chair and Curator of Contemporary Art, defining the museum’s internationally respected contemporary art program throughout his tenure, and took on the additional interim role of chair and curator of photography for 2008–2009.

After serving as the Associate Curator of Contemporary Art at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, he joined the Art Institute of Chicago in 1998, as an Associate Curator of Contemporary Art and rose to become department chair in 2004. While as director james has organized more than 30 groundbreaking exhibitions, including, most recently, Charles Ray: Sculpture, 1998–2015 (2014–2015); Steve McQueen (2012); Roy Lichtenstein: A Retrospective (2012); Cy Twombly: The Natural World, Selected Works, 2000–2007 (2009); and Jasper Johns: Gray, 1955–2005 (2007).

James Rondeau has also published and lectured extensively, with 13 exhibition catalogues to his credit, numerous essays and articles, and talks from Basel to Madrid and from New York to San Francisco. He has published scholarly contributions in catalogues for Tate Gallery, London; Museum of Modern Art, New York; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; Kunstmuseum, Bonn, Germany; Fundación La Caixa, Madrid, and many more.

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https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/turner-prize-1993/turner-prize-1993-artists-rachel-whiteread

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http://www.kenny-hunter.com

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https://www.guggenheim.org

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https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhibition/joseph-cornell

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https://matthewmarks.com/artists/peter-fischli-david-weiss

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wuf_GHmjxLM

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https://chisenhale.org.uk/exhibition/cornelia-parker/

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https://post.moma.org/having-a-coke-with-marisol-and-frank-ohara/?_ga=2.49884774.1991141546.1639430076-775955458.1639430076

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https://matthewmarks.com/artists/robert-gober

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Cathy Wilkes: https://venicebiennale.britishcouncil.org/2019-exhibition

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What is the Venice Biennale?

The Venice Biennale (La Biennale di Venezia) is one of the longest-running cultural festivals in the world. In 1895, the Venetian City Council Mayor wanted to establish a prestigious Italian and international art exhibition, so the first Venice Biennale was launched. Welcoming over 200,000 visitors during its opening year, it proved to be a huge success and the festival continues to thrive today.

It now attracts up to 600,000 international visitors each year. The world's top curators organise ambitious exhibitions that are often considered to be highly political, provocative or groundbreaking. The Venice Biennale is renowned for setting new global trends and launching the international careers of many pioneering artists and architects.

How long does the Venice Biennale last?

The Biennale is open to the public for six months every year, from May until November, and alternates between art and architecture each year.

What is the British Pavilion?

The official Biennale exhibition is spread across two venues in the east of the city: the Arsenale and the Giardini. The Giardini, an area of parkland, houses the Central exhibition Pavilion and 29 national pavilions. Each of them, including the British Pavilion, presents its own showcase from a particular country or region.

The British Pavilion was originally a café-restaurant until it was converted into an exhibition space by British architect E. A. Rickards in 1909.

Formed of six galleries, the British Pavilion is a 19th century neo-classical listed building set in the leafy grounds of the Giardini.

The Pavilion has had a fascinating history, and in 1937 the British Council took over the building and became responsible for showcasing the best of UK contemporary artists, architects, designers and curators.

Why is the Venice Biennale important?
Exhibiting groundbreaking artists
From J. M. W. Turner to Tracey Emin, over 600 UK artists have exhibited in the British Pavilion since 1909.

Many artists were included in early group exhibitions (120 artists squeezed into the Pavilion in 1912) until in 1930 the Venice Biennale authorities asked Britain to reduce their ambitious selection. Since the 1970s the Pavilion has focused on one artist or artist practice per year.

The most influential 20th and 21st-century British artists have exhibited at the Pavilion.

The British Council's early group exhibitions featured significant sculptors, such as Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth, and trendsetting painters, like Francis Bacon and Lucian Freud.

In the latter half of the 20th century, solo exhibitions cemented the international careers of artists like Bridget Riley and Anish Kapoor. In recent decades, the Pavilion has shown artists who have helped to define and promote 21st-century British art, such as Rachel Whiteread, Mark Wallinger, Chris Ofili, Tracey Emin, Jeremy Deller and Sarah Lucas. Oscar-winning filmmaker Steve McQueen had a solo exhibition at the Pavilion in 2009.
Presenting pioneering architects
Since the first architecture exhibition at the Pavilion in 1991, the British Council has invited high profile names to curate and show. Zaha Hadid, Richard Rogers and Norman Foster have all contributed alongside other emerging and established architects, designers, artists and engineers.

The British Pavilion at the Architecture Biennale aims to create debate that both challenges and influences the future of British architecture.

Since 2012 the British Council has commissioned the exhibition through an open call. Curators have been encouraged to use the Pavilion as a space for research, alongside showcasing pioneering architecture and challenging ideas.

What is the British Council's role?

Since 1937 the British Council has organised the Pavilion exhibition, overseen the selection process of artists and architects, and preserved the historic building itself.

In 2014 the British Council created the Venice Fellowships programme to offer students, artists and architects the opportunity to spend a month at the Biennale conducting research alongside the exhibition.

The selection process for the British Pavilion

Many people are curious about how the artists are chosen for the Pavilion. The Visual Arts team at the British Council work with a committee of professionals from the UK's contemporary art sector to choose an artist to exhibit at the Art Biennale.

The process for the Architecture Biennale is a little different. The British Council's Architecture Design Fashion team commission the Pavilion exhibitions. Each year the team runs an open call encouraging multi-disciplinary teams to submit proposals, which are reviewed by a selection panel of design industry professionals.

'The experience of curating the British Pavilion was profound. It provided the time and space to pursue research, and offered a platform to reach international audiences. It's a unique opportunity, a real challenge and incredibly rewarding.'

- Sam Jacob, British Pavilion co-curator 2014

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The Venice Biennale (La Biennale di Venezia) is one of the longest-running cultural festivals in the world. In 1895, the Venetian City Council Mayor wanted to establish a prestigious Italian and international art exhibition, so the first Venice Biennale was launched.

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Jeremy Deller at Hayward Gallery: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbKwioBVg0s

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art fund artfund museums galleries collections charity save funded membership uk united kingdom nat

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Every year the Art Fund raises millions of pounds to support museums and galleries across the UK.

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CCA Annex is a new online platform that serves as a digital extension to the physical galleries in our Sauchiehall Street building. Projects will be drawn from across CCA’s programming strands and also feature new works specially-commissioned for Annex.

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Durham started showing interest in the civil rights movement in 1963, shown through his writing, poetry, and later art. His artwork and writing in the 80s to the early 90s was made with the intention to dismantle how mainstream media represented and narrated Native Americans. Though later the public started to question his identity,
Cherokee artists, writers and scholars published an opinion piece in Indian Country Today titled “Dear Unsuspecting Public, Jimmie Durham Is a Trickster.”

The article said Mr. Durham was neither “enrolled nor eligible for citizenship in any of the three federally recognized and historical Cherokee Tribes.” It went on to dismiss his being Cherokee in any “cultural sense,” either.

Durham never directly addressed these accusations but

Durham died in Berlin 17 November 2021 at the age of 81.
-Jack