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United States Declaration of Independence - 4th July 1776

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United States Declaration of Independence - 4th July 1776

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The Declaration of Independence was written largely by Jefferson. The Declaration summarized the colonists’ motivations for seeking independence.

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Emancipation proclamation - 1 January 1863

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Emancipation proclamation - 1 January 1863

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Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation – a presidential order freeing slaves in the Confederate states.

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13th amendment to the United States Constitution - 1865

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13th amendment to the United States Constitution - 1865

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A victory for the North, and slavery was abolished throughout the United States with the ratification of the 13th amendment to the United States Constitution.

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The NAACP or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is America’s oldest and largest civil rights organization. It was formed in New York City by white and Black activists, partially in response to the ongoing violence against African Americans around the country.

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Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Her defiant stance prompts a year-long Montgomery bus boycott.

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Little Rock Nine, group of African American high-school students who sought admission to the all-white school. The group, consisting of Melba Pattillo, Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Minnijean Brown, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, and Thelma Mothershed, became the centre of the struggle to desegregate public schools in the US. It took an executive order from President Dwight Eisenhower and his dispatch of U.S. troops to guarantee the safety of the students and assure that integration came about.

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"Freedom Riders" – members and supporters of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) who rode buses to challenge segregation practices on interstate highway routes in the South –   were physically assaulted by angry mobs.

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The March on Washington was a massive protest march, when some 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Also known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation. It was also the occasion of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s now-iconic “I Have A Dream” speech.

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The Civil Rights Act represents a clear turning point in history – a point at which America made a genuine attempt to resolve its contradictions and its constrictions. All Americans, both black and white, have benefited.