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ELLLO has over 3,000 free listening lessons for all levels! Most activities have audio or video, a transcript, vocabulary lesson and interactive quiz.

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ELLLO stands for English Listening Lesson Library Online and features natural English lessons that come with quizzes, vocabulary training, and free printable worksheets. ESL students and teachers can access over 2,000 free lessons that feature World English with speakers from over 100 countries.

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Короткие видео с правилами произношения слов и звуков.

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Do you want to improve your English pronunciation? Well, you've come to the right place. Tim's Pronunciation Workshop shows you how English is really spoken. It'll help you become a better listener and a more fluent speaker.

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Scroll down to the bottom of this page for The Sounds of English, our video guide to all the consonant and vowel sounds in the English language. Watch, listen and repeat. It's as simple as that!

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Do you want to improve your English pronunciation? Well, you've come to the right place. Tim's Pronunciation Workshop shows you how English is really spoken. It'll help you become a better listener and a more fluent speaker.

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Сайт содержит ресурсы для изучения языка во всех его аспектах.

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We are a globally renowned resource that provides assistance with English to students, teachers, professionals, and organizations across the world. Our goal is to assist clients in their development as writers - no matter their skill level.

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We are a globally renowned resource that provides assistance with English to students, teachers, professionals, and organizations across the world. Our goal is to assist clients in their development as writers - no matter their skill level.

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Сборник правил грамматики.

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Get to grips with English grammar!

Like it or not, grammar is an essential (and unavoidable!) part of learning a language: it gives you the building blocks to express yourself confidently and accurately in your target language.

Our grammar section covers all major topics and includes plenty of examples, and-most importantly-plenty of interactive exercises where you can practise every grammar point in detail.

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Nouns are naming words; they refer to animals, ideas, people, places and objects. English nouns can be plural or singular, countable or uncountable and can be many different types. We form plural nouns by adding -s, however there are many irregular plural forms.

Article are words that precede nouns. In English grammar, articles can be definite (the) or indefinite (a/an). There are some instances where we use no article.

Adjectives are describing words (e.g. happy, colourful, interesting); they describe or modify nouns. Adjectives in English grammar also have comparative and superlative forms.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs to give us more information about how, when, where, often or to what degree.

Learn all about if-clauses in English with Lingolia. We cover every type of conditional: zero, first, second and third, and we even have sections dedicated to more advanced topics like mixed conditionals and if-clauses that don't contain if.

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Learn and practise English Grammar online with Lingolia

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Learn about the different parts of English grammar online and free with Lingolia. Practise pronouns, tackle tenses and improve your prepositions with Lingolia's easy explanations and free online exercises.

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Таблица неправильных глаголов.

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Englishpage.com's List of English Irregular Verbs contains over 370 irregular verbs used in modern English. We also offer free irregular verb flashcards and exercises, a printable PDF of the Top 100 Irregular Verbs, and an extended list including rare verb forms. Just scroll down to begin!

Irregular Verb Flashcards and Drills

Below, we have created eight sets of flashcards as well as simple irregular verb drills to help English learners learn more than 160 of the most common irregular verbs in English.

The 100 Most Common English Irregular Verbs

Download our printable PDF List of the 100 Most Common Irregular Verbs in English. English teachers and trainers, please read our terms of use.

Common Questions about English Irregular Verbs

What are irregular verbs?

Irregular verbs are verbs which do not follow normal rules for conjugation. For example, the irregular verb be has several unique forms ( I am, you are, he is) which are quite different from regular verbs such as cook ( I cook, you cook, he cooks).

How many irregular verbs are there in English?

Englishpage.com has conducted an extensive text analysis of over 2,000 novels and resources and we have found 680 irregular verbs so far including prefixed verbs ( misunderstand, reread) as well as rare and antiquated forms ( colorbreed, bethink).

What are some examples of irregular verbs?

Good examples of irregular verbs include have, understand and draw. Notice that their past forms had, understood and drew are very different from regular verbs, which end with -d or -ed. For more examples, see Englishpage.com's list of irregular verbs.

What are the most common irregular verbs in English?

According to Englishpage.com's text analysis of over 2,000 novels and resources, the most common irregular verbs in English are: be, have, say, do, know, get, see, think, go and take.

Are there big differences in the irregular verb forms used in British English and American English?

While many references show strong differences between British and American English in irregular verb use, Englishpage.com's research shows that there is far more crossover than many of these references might suggest. (Where we did find a real statistical difference, we have listed the British forms in italics.)

Which verb tenses have irregular forms in English?

In English, irregular verb forms occur in simple present and simple past as well as past participles. Remember that past participles are used in many verb forms including: present perfect, past perfect, future perfect, passive forms and past conditional forms.

More about our Irregular Verb Dictionary

Read about our irregular verb research and how these resources were created.

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List of all English irregular verbs with flashcards, drills, and printable PDF to help you learn the forms.

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Свод правил грамматики.

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Изучение английского языка посредством просмотра сериалов и фильмов.

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Видео на английском в хорошем HD 1080 качестве с оригинальной озвучкой, двойными субтитрами, словарем и удобным переводчиком. Зарегистрируйся и смотри бесплатно!

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Видеоуроки с Джастином

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Видеоуроки с Джастином

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Рассказывает о частых ошибок русскоговорящих, дает советы как их избегать.

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"русский язык" "английский язык" иностранец "иностранец говорит по-русский" американцы "иностранцы слушают русскую музыку" "английский язык с носителем языка" "носитель английского языка" америка сша канада "жизнь в сша" "жизнь в канаде" русскую learn esl english

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Я Джастин - иностранец из запада который долго жил в России и в тчение этого времени я замечал много хорошего в России. И теперь я хочу не только помочь тебе...

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Полиглот 16 с Петровым

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Полиглот 16 с Петровым

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На этом канале представлены уроки разных языков, в том числе английского.

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полиглот "полиглот за 16 часов" "полиглот с нуля за 16 часов" "полиглот английский" "полиглот английский за 16 часов" "полиглот 16" "полиглот испанский" "полиглот португальский" "полиглот итальянский" "полиглот китайский" "полиглот немецкий" "полиглот уроки" "полиглот французский" "полиглот 16 уроков" "полиглот петров" "дмитрий петров" "полиглот скачать"

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Полиглот 16 с Петровым. Английский, немецкий с нуля за 16 часов для начинающих

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Полиглот 16 с Петровым. Английский, немецкий с нуля за 16 часов для начинающих

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Полиглот английский за 16 часов. Уроки английского, немецкого, французского, испанского и китайского языков за 16 уроков с Дмитрием Петровым "Полиглот с нуля". Итальянский, португальский и хинди за 16 часов. "Полиглот 16" подойдет и для начинающих, и для тех, кто учит английский и китайский с нуля.

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Ее уроки обхватывают все аспекты языка.

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Rachel’s English is your online American English pronunciation resource. All videos have closed captioning to help non-native speakers understand. New videos added every week! Learn about the specific mouth positions for each sound with the Sounds: How-To playlist. Spend time with the Words that Reduce playlist to improve your listening comprehension. And watch the videos in the American English in Real Life playlist for fun and to see how native speakers really talk.

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We'll filter videos to your level or teach you words you don't even know.

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Викторины и тесты по английской грамматике.

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English Grammar Tests - English Tests Online

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Online English Grammar Tests with Answers for Free English Grammar Tests Beginner, Elementary, Pre-Intermediate, Intermediate, Upper-Intermediate, Advanced

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English-English dictionary

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Macmillan English Dictionary Online - The Free Online Dictionary

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Зарегистрируйтесь бесплатно и получите доступ к эксклюзивному контенту:

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Cambridge Dictionary | Английский словарь, переводы и тезаурус

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English-English dictionary

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Oxford Languages | The Home of Language Data

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Explore Oxford Languages, the home of world-renowned language data.

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Work with an AI writing partner that helps you find the words you need⁠-⁠to write that tricky email, to get your point across, to keep your work moving.

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The best time to receive feedback is before you turn your assignment in. Sometimes valuable feedback comes too late, which is why our automated proofreading tool can be especially helpful -- not just for detecting grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors, but also for giving helpful tips that make you a better writer. Our AI engine, Grendel, works tirelessly providing feedback that you can incorporate into your text before you pass it on for a final grade from a human.

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Slangit is a clean slang dictionary that is safe for kids and parents alike.

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Etymonline - Online Etymology Dictionary

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The online etymology dictionary (etymonline) is the internet’s go-to source for quick and reliable accounts of the origin and history of English words, phrases, and idioms. It is professional enough to satisfy academic standards, but accessible enough to be used by anyone.

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Access to the Online English Collegiate Dictionary and Thesaurus from Merriam-Webster, the Cambridge Dictionaries and the Glossary of English Grammar Terms.

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Greek and Latin roots

Like using this dictionary? Then please tell your friends. More visitors viewing the ads will mean more funds for expanding the dictionary. Thanks!

Root Word Dictionary is the largest online dictionary of word roots. Here, you'll find the meanings of all the Greek and Latin root words commonly used in constructing biological and medical terminology. The list is alphabetical, which lets you look roots up even if you're not sure about their exact spellings. In the index above, click on the first letter of the root you seek. You can also use the automated search engine, which searches the entire root dictionary (click on the search link at the top of this page).

To find the meanings of Greek and Latin roots:

1. First, click on the "Search for roots" link at the top of this page;

2. Then, in the search box, enter the English meaning of the root you want to find;

3. The root word you're looking for should show up in the results.

More about using Root Word Dictionary:

To understand how Greek and Latin roots word are used in constructing terminology:

1. First, look a root word up in the dictionary;

2. Then, look up similarly spelled prefixes and suffixes in the prefix and suffix dictionary on this site, which gives examples to show how these roots function in word origins;

3. Next, look up the meanings of the example terms given in the prefix and suffix dictionary (most of which are linked to their definitions in the biology dictionary on this site).

Latin and Greek Root Words

The Greek and Latin roots listed in this dictionary are words from which the prefixes and suffixes used in constructing biological terminology are frequently derived. Often, multiple prefixes and suffixes are based on a single root. In general, the components used in constructing scientific terminology and med terms are either of Latin or Greek derivation. In building these terms, scientists have traditionally avoided hybrid terms combining word parts derived from Latin roots with other parts derived from Greek roots (although this rule has not been as strictly followed in recent years).

Notice: We've moved our root word finder to a separate web page. To search for Greek and Latin roots, please click here to access this dictionary's automated root finder at its new location.

To cite this publication:
McCarthy, E. M. 2013. Root Word Dictionary. www.macroevolution.net/root-word-dictionary.html (Add access date).

Greek and Latin Roots - © 2008-2018 Macroevolution.net

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Root Word Dictionary - The web's largest root dictionary!

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Like using this dictionary? Then please tell your friends. More visitors viewing the ads will mean more funds for expanding the dictionary. Thanks! Root Word Dictionary is the largest online dictionary of word roots. Here, you'll find the meanings of all the Greek and Latin root words commonly used in constructing biological and medical terminology.

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phraseup* assists you with writing by finding and filling-in the words you can’t remember

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Анкета обратной связи

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iAnketa.ru - бесплатный онлайн сервис проведения опросов для студентов и бизнеса. Это легко и быстро создать опросы. Результаты опроса обобщены в виде наглядных графиков и доступны в Excel для дальнейшего анализа.

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iAnketa.ru - бесплатный онлайн сервис проведения опросов для студентов и бизнеса. Это легко и быстро создать опросы. Результаты опроса обобщены в виде наглядных графиков и доступны в Excel для дальнейшего анализа.

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Back pain is pain felt in the back. It is divided into neck pain (cervical), middle back pain (thoracic), lower back pain (lumbar) or coccydynia (tailbone or sacral pain) based on the segment affected.[1] The lumbar area is the most common area for pain, as it supports most of the weight in the upper body.[2] Episodes of back pain may be acute, sub-acute, or chronic depending on the duration. The pain may be characterized as a dull ache, shooting or piercing pain, or a burning sensation. Discomfort can radiate into the arms and hands as well as the legs or feet, and may include numbness,[1] or weakness in the legs and arms.

Back pain can originate from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other structures in the spine. Internal structures such as the gallbladder, pancreas, aorta, and kidneys may also cause referred pain in the back.

Back pain is common, with about nine out of ten adults experiencing it at some point in their life, and five out of ten working adults having it every year.[3] Some estimate up to 95% of Americans will experience back pain at some point in their lifetime.[2]It is the most common cause of chronic pain, and is a major contributor of missed work and disability.[2] However, it is rare for back pain to be permanently disabling. In most cases of herniated disks and stenosis, rest, injections or surgery have similar general pain resolution outcomes on average after one year. In the United States, acute low back pain is the fifth most common reason for physician visits and causes 40% of missed days off work.[4] Additionally, it is the single leading cause of disability worldwide.[5]

Classification

Back pain may be classified by various methods to aid its diagnosis and management. The duration of back pain is considered in three categories, following the expected pattern of healing of connective tissue. Acute pain lasts up to 12 weeks, subacute pain refers to the second half of the acute period (6 to 12 weeks), and chronic pain is pain which persists beyond 12 weeks.[6]

In as many as 85% of cases, no physiological cause can be found.[7]

There are many causes of back pain, including blood vessels, internal organs, infections, mechanical, and autoimmune causes.[8]The spinal cord, nerve roots, vertebral column, and muscles around the spine can all be sources of back pain.[8] The anterior ligaments of the intervertebral disc are extremely sensitive, and even the slightest injury can cause significant pain.[9] In osteoporosis, the bones become weaker and can develop small cracks, or fractures, in the bones, resulting in pain.[10] Arthritis in the joints of the back can also result in discomfort.[10] The synovial joints of the spine (e.g. zygapophysial joints/facet joints) have been identified as the primary source of the pain in approximately one third of people with chronic low back pain, and in most people with neck pain following whiplash.[11]

Approximately 98 percent of people with back pain are diagnosed with nonspecific acute back pain in which there is no serious underlying pathology.[12] Less than 2 percent are attributed to secondary factors, with metastatic cancers and serious infections, such as spinal osteomyelitis and epidural abscesses, accounting for around 1 percent.[13]

Back pain can be divided into non-radicular pain and radiculopathy. Radiculopathy occurs when there is irritation in the nerve root, causing neurologic symptoms, such as numbness and tingling. Disk herniation and foraminal stenosis are the most common causes of radiculopathy.[8] Non-radicular back pain is most commonly caused by injury to the spinal muscles or ligaments, degenerative spinal disease, or a herniated disk.[8] Spondylosis, or spinal degeneration, occurs when the intervertebral disc undergoes degenerative changes, causing the disc to fail at cushioning the vertebrae. The space between the vertebrae becomes more narrow, resulting in compression and irritation of the nerves.[14]

Back pain can also be due to referred pain from another source. Referred pain occurs when pain is felt at a location different from the source of the pain. An abdominal aortic aneurysmand ureteral colic can both result in pain felt in the back.[8]

Another possible cause of chronic back pain in people with otherwise normal scans is central sensitization, where an initial injury or infection causes a longer-lasting state of heightened sensitivity to pain. This persistent state maintains pain even after the initial injury has healed.[15] Treatment of sensitization typically involves low doses of anti-depressants.[16]

Risk factors

Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and lack of exercise can increase a person's risk of back pain.[2] People who smoke are more likely to experience back pain than others.[17] Poor posture and weight gain in pregnancy are also risk factors for back pain. In general, fatigue can worsen pain.[2]

A few studies suggest that psychosocial factors such as on-the-job stress and dysfunctional family relationships may correlate more closely with back pain than structural abnormalities revealed in X-rays and other medical imaging scans.[18][19][20][21]

In most cases of low back pain, medical consensus advises not seeking an exact diagnosis but instead beginning to treat the pain.[22] This assumes that there is no reason to expect that the person has an underlying problem.[22] In most cases, the pain goes away naturally after a few weeks.[22] Typically, people who do seek diagnosis through imaging are not likely to have a better outcome than those who wait for the condition to resolve.[22]

Laboratory testing may include white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP).[8]

Elevated ESR could indicate infection, malignancy, chronic disease, inflammation, trauma, or tissue ischemia.[8]

Elevated CRP levels are associated with infection.[8]

Imaging is not typically needed in the initial diagnosis or treatment of back pain. However, if there are certain "red flag" symptoms present plain radiographs (x-ray), CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be recommended. These red flags include:[23][8]

History of cancer

Unexplained weight loss

Immunosuppression

Urinary infection

Intravenous drug use

Prolonged use of corticosteroids

Back pain not improved with conservative management

History of significant trauma

Minor fall or heavy lift in a potentially osteoporotic or elderly individual

Acute onset of urinary retention, overflow incontinence, loss of anal sphincter tone, or fecal incontinence

Saddle anesthesia

Global or progressive motor weakness in the lower limbs

Prevention

There is moderate quality evidence that suggests the combination of education and exercise may reduce an individual's risk of developing an episode of low back pain.[24] Lesser quality evidence points to exercise alone as a possible deterrent to the risk of the onset of this condition.[24]

Management

The management goals when treating back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible, to restore the individual's ability to function in everyday activities, to help the patient cope with residual pain, to assess for side-effects of therapy, and to facilitate the patient's passage through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. For many, the goal is to keep the pain to a manageable level to progress with rehabilitation, which then can lead to long-term pain relief. Also, for some people the goal is to use non-surgical therapies to manage the pain and avoid major surgery, while for others surgery may be the quickest way to feel better.[25]

Not all treatments work for all conditions or for all individuals with the same condition, and many find that they need to try several treatment options to determine what works best for them. The present stage of the condition (acute or chronic) is also a determining factor in the choice of treatment. Only a minority of people with back pain (most estimates are 1% - 10%) require surgery.

Non medical

Back pain is generally treated with non-pharmacological therapy first, as it typically resolves without the use of medication. Superficial heat and massage, acupuncture, and spinal manipulation therapy may be recommended.[26]

Heat therapy is useful for back spasms or other conditions. A review concluded that heat therapy can reduce symptoms of acute and sub-acute low-back pain.[27]

Regular activity and gentle stretching exercises is encouraged in uncomplicated back pain, and is associated with better long-term outcomes.[8] Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles in the abdomen and around the spine may also be recommended.[28] These exercises are associated with better patient satisfaction, although it has not been shown to provide functional improvement.[8] However, one study found that exercise is effective for chronic back pain, but not for acute pain. If used, they should be performed under supervision of a licensed health professional.[29]

Massage therapy may give short-term pain relief, but not functional improvement, for those with acute lower back pain.[30]It may also give short-term pain relief and functional improvement for those with long-term (chronic) and sub-acute lower pack pain, but this benefit does not appear to be sustained after 6 months of treatment.[30] There does not appear to be any serious adverse effects associated with massage.[30]

Acupuncture may provide some relief for back pain. However, further research with stronger evidence needs to be done.[31]

Spinal manipulation is a widely-used method of treating back pain, although there is no evidence of long-term benefits.[28]

"Back school" is an intervention that consists of both education and physical exercises.[32] A 2016 Cochrane review found the evidence concerning back school to be very low quality and was not able to make generalizations as to whether back school is effective or not.[32]

Medication

If non-pharmacological measures are not effective, medications may be tried.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are typically tried first.[26] NSAIDs have been shown to be more effective than placebo, and are usually more effective than paracetamol (acetaminophen).[33]

In severe back pain not relieved by NSAIDs or acetaminophen, opioids may be used. However, long-term use of opioids has not been proven to be effective at treating back pain.[34] Opioids have not always been shown to be better than placebo for chronic back pain when the risks and benefits are considered.[35]

Skeletal muscle relaxers may also be used.[26] Their short term use has been shown to be effective in the relief of acute back pain.[36] However, the evidence of this effect has been disputed, and these medications do have negative side-effects.[34]

In people with nerve root pain and acute radiculopathy, there is evidence that a single dose of steroids, such as dexamethasone, may provide pain relief.[8]

Epidural corticosteroid injection (ESI) is a procedure in which steroid medications are injected into the epidural space. The steroid medications reduce inflammation and thus decrease pain and improve function.[37] ESI has long been used to both diagnose and treat back pain, although recent studies have shown a lack of efficacy in treating low back pain.[38]

Surgery for back pain is typically used as a last resort, when serious neurological deficit is evident.[28] A 2009 systematic review of back surgery studies found that, for certain diagnoses, surgery is moderately better than other common treatments, but the benefits of surgery often decline in the long term.[39]

Surgery may sometimes be appropriate for people with severe myelopathy or cauda equina syndrome.[28] Causes of neurological deficits can include spinal disc herniation, spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, tumor, infection, and spinal hematomas, all of which can impinge on the nerve roots around the spinal cord.[28] There are multiple surgical options to treat back pain, and these options vary depending on the cause of the pain.

When a herniated disc is compressing the nerve roots, hemi- or partial- laminectomy or discectomy may be performed, in which the material compressing on the nerve is removed.[28] A mutli-level laminectomy can be done to widen the spinal canal in the case of spinal stenosis. A foraminotomy or foraminectomy may also be necessary, if the vertebrae are causing significant nerve root compression.[28] A discectomy is performed when the intervertebral disc has herniated or torn. It involves removing the protruding disc, either a portion of it or all of it, that is placing pressure on the nerve root.[40] Total disc replacement can also be performed, in which the source of the pain (the damaged disc) is removed and replaced, while maintaining spinal mobility.[41]When an entire disc is removed (as in discectomy), or when the vertebrae are unstable, spinal fusion surgery may be performed. Spinal fusion is a procedure in which bone grafts and metal hardware is used to fix together two or more vertebrae, thus preventing the bones of the spinal column from compressing on the spinal cord or nerve roots.[42]

If infection, such as a spinal epidural abscess, is the source of the back pain, surgery may be indicated when a trial of antibiotics is ineffective.[28] Surgical evacuation of spinal hematoma can also be attempted, if the blood products fail to break down on their own.[28]

About 50% of women experience low back pain during pregnancy.[43] Some studies have suggested women who have experienced back pain before pregnancy are at a higher risk of having back pain during pregnancy.[44] It may be severe enough to cause significant pain and disability in up to a third of pregnant women.[45][46] Back pain typically begins at around 18 weeks gestation, and peaks between 24 and 36 weeks gestation.[46] Approximately 16% of women who experienced back pain during pregnancy report continued back pain years after pregnancy, indicating those with significant back pain are at greater risk of back pain following pregnancy.[45][46]

Biomechanical factors of pregnancy shown to be associated with back pain include increased curvature of the lower back, or lumbar lordosis, to support the added weight on the abdomen.[46] Also, a hormone called relaxin is released during pregnancy that softens the structural tissues in the pelvis and lower back to prepare for vaginal delivery. This softening and increased flexibility of the ligaments and joints in the lower back can result in pain.[46] Back pain in pregnancy is often accompanied by radicular symptoms, suggested to be caused by the fetus pressing on the sacral plexus and lumbar plexus in the pelvis.[46][44]

Typical factors aggravating the back pain of pregnancy include standing, sitting, forward bending, lifting, and walking. Back pain in pregnancy may also be characterized by pain radiating into the thigh and buttocks, night-time pain severe enough to wake the patient, pain that is increased during the night-time, or pain that is increased during the day-time.[45]

Local heat, acetaminophen (paracetamol), and massage can be used to help relieve the pain. Avoiding standing for prolonged periods of time is also suggested.[47]

Although back pain is does not typically cause permanent disability, it is a significant contributor to physician visits and missed work days in the United States, and is the single leading cause of disability worldwide.[4][5] The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons report approximately 12 million visits to doctor's offices each year are due to back pain.[2] Missed work and disability related to low back pain costs over $50 billion each year in the United States.[2] In the United Kingdom in 1998, approximately £1.6 billion per year was spent on expenses related to disability from back pain.[2]

References

1. "Paresthesia Definition and Origin". dictionary.com.

2. ^ Church E, Odle T. Diagnosis and treatment of back pain. a Radiologic Technology [serial online]. November 2007;79(2):126-204. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 12, 2017. b c d e f g h

3. ^ A.T. Patel, A.A. Ogle. "Diagnosis and Management of Acute Low Back Pain". American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved March 12, 2007.

4. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. "2010 Global Burden of Disease Study"

5. ^ a Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. Walls, Ron M.,, Hockberger, Robert S.,, Gausche-Hill, Marianne, (Ninth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 9780323354790. OCLC 989157341. b c d e f g h i j k l

6. Ferri, F. F. (2018). Patient Teaching Guides. In Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-28049-5

7. ^ "Back Pain". Archived from the original on May 6, 2011.

8. Lavelle, W. F., Kitab, S. A., Ramakrishnan, R., & Benzel, E. C. (2017). Anatomy of Nerve Root Compression, Nerve Root Tethering, and Spinal Instability. In ^ Benzel's Spine Surgery (4th ed., pp. 200-205). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-40030-5

9. ^ Woolf, Clifford J (2011-03-01). "Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain". 3268359 Pain. 152 (3 Suppl): S2-15. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030. ISSN 0304-3959. PMC . PMID 20961685.

10. ^ * a Consumer Reports; American College of Physicians; Annals of Internal Medicine (April 2012), "Imaging tests for lower-back pain: Why you probably don't need them." (PDF), High Value Care, Consumer Reports b c d

American College of Physicians (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Physicians

National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (May 2009), Low back pain: early management of persistent non-specific low back pain, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (January 13, 2011), "ACR Appropriateness Criteria low back pain", Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, American College of Radiology

Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Owens DK (October 2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (7): 478-91. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006. PMID 17909209.

"Low Back Pain". Occupational medicine practice guidelines : evaluation and management of common health. [S.l.]: Acoem. 2011. ISBN 978-0-615-45228-9.

11. ^ Patel ND, Broderick DF, Burns J, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Low Back Pain. Available at https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69483/Narrative/. American College of Radiology. Accessed Dec 12, 2017.

12. ^ Baron, R; Binder, A; Attal, N; Casale, R; Dickenson, AH; Treede, RD (July 2016). "Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice". 5069616 European Journal of Pain. 20 (6): 861-73. doi:10.1002/ejp.838. PMC . PMID 26935254.

13. ^ a b c

14. ^ a Wall and Melzack's textbook of pain. McMahon, S. B. (Stephen B.) (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 2013. ISBN 9780702040597. OCLC 841325533. b c d e f g h i

15. ^ a Furlan, Andrea D.; Giraldo, Mario; Baskwill, Amanda; Irvin, Emma; Imamura, Marta (2015-09-01). "Massage for low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD001929. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 26329399. b c

16. Sudhir, Amita; Perina, Debra (2018). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. ClinicalKey: Elsevier, Inc. pp. 569-576.

17. ^ "Surgery For Back Pain".

18. ^ Burke, G.L., "Backache from Occiput to Coccyx" Chapter 9

19. High risk pregnancy : management options. James, D. K. (David K.), Steer, Philip J. (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier. 2011. ISBN 9781416059080. OCLC 727346377.

20. ^ a b c

21. ^ a Practical management of pain. Benzon, Honorio T.,, Rathmell, James P.,, Wu, Christopher L.,, Turk, Dennis C.,, Argoff, Charles E.,, Hurley, Robert W., (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 9780323083409. OCLC 859537559. b c d e f

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Back pain is pain felt in the back. It is divided into neck pain (cervical), middle back pain (thoracic), lower back pain (lumbar) or coccydynia (tailbone or sacral pain) based on the segment affected.[1] The lumbar area is the most common area for pain, as it supports most of the weight in the upper body.[2] Episodes of back pain may be acute, sub-acute, or chronic depending on the duration.

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Visual Dictionary

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QA International launched , a new valuable resource to learn Spanish. Includes 17 all-around themes to explore, including the human body, sciences and food. MORE

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