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https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/social-construction-news

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The new media is the digital forms of communication that delivers information on a mass scale

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Curran and Seaton:
-Positive view of the media
-Recognise the benefits it may bring
-Believe it creates consumer choice and increased participation
Boyle:
-Creates consumer choice in the telecommunication industry e.g. millions of apps
Seaton:
-Promotes progressive politics

Evaluation:
+Provides consumer choice
+Promotes citizen participation in society
- Seen as too naïve

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Keen:
-Views the media negatively
-The internet is the "cult of the amateur"
-Reduces the quality of education
-Concern over sources of information e.g. Wikipedia can be edited by anyone
Jenkins:
-The media doesn't have the audiences interests at heart
-Compete in order to gain profit
-Dominated by media cooperation's
-E.g. amazon now does fresh produce

Evaluation:
+Addresses how ultimately the power is in the cooperation's control e.g. Facebook took down a photo of a women breast feeding but allowed skimpy bikini photos
-Can be criticised as too negative as it doesn't address the positives of the media

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https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/ownership-and-control-media

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Ruleing class won the majority of the media and use it to serve their own interests

Media is a tool to maintain power and control

Media is manipulated to control the ideas of the working class

Through ideological control the ruling class remain unchallenged

Media socialises working class into accepting capitalism unchallenged

Promotes “false class consciousness” (not aware of true position)

Media content distracts from problems made by capitalism instead it blames problems on the working class

Media is owned by a small few and reinforces dominant ideologies

Media owners have shared values and interests (cultural capital)

New media is a continuation of old media

Owners decide what topics to cover

Those that work for the company support owners ideas or face being sanctioned because of this journalists publish articles that reflect companies ideas

Media is used to hide inequalities

Used to persuade the public to support certain political and economic issues e.g. Iraq war media justified invasion by saying they were makeing weapons of destruction

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+ Media companies do use it to further political/ economic interests e.g. media mogul Rupert Murdock influences media by his companies dithering conservative ideology
- Media sometimes highlights inequality
- Media reflects a range of view not just the ruleing class
- Public is not passive e.g. citizen journalism were the public can be involved in creating the news

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The media generally reflects the view of the ruling class

Media owners exert a subtle influence rather than a direct influence as suggested by traditional Marxism

Media owners rarley take a direct hands on approach

However they often influence the journalists and produces

Gramsci - "hegemony" ideas of the ruling class are perceived as dominant and widely accepted

Sometimes the media even challenges ruling class ideology, the majority of the media reinforces ruling class ideology

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+ More applicable to contemporary society, as it addresses that the media is complex and is more sophisticated in explaining how the capitalist systems presents challenges to the system
+ Owners and controllers of the media have a mutually benefiting relationship by negotiating core values, then the media mangers are allowed autonomy in reporting as long as they stay within the core values set.
+ Recognises that the class system is changeable and that there are different behaviours within classes E.g. The media highlights class conflict concerning areas like pro-Europe and anti-Europe upper class members

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There are a number of different  and competing views expressed by different owners of the media

Competition between media companies creates a balanced range in the media, that reflects what the consumers of media want

The agenda of the news is set by the demands of the wider public

Two different groups within the media:

- Groups who seek financial gain/ promote social change
- Groups who aimed at a narrow section of society E.g. Trade unions

Pluralists are optimistic that the media can represent both groups

Whale: A number of competing groups measure the views of the public E.g. in a survey which directly feeds into the programs availabl

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+ Many views can be seen in the wide range of channels available which reflect different tastes and interests
+ The public have the power to decide what they watch, so if they disagree with a program they can find an alternative or ignore it
- Marxists criticise this view as they believe the public are brainwashed into believing that they have a choice
- It's arguable how democratic the media actually is, as many people don't relate to what is in the media but have very little power to change it

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Baudrillard: The media reflects characteristics of post modern society

We live in a media saturated society, the line between the media and reality is blurred

We are bombarded with information that the truth is often hard to pick out

The media plays a key role in shaping and distorting peoples view of the world

This mean oftentimes the world we see through the media becomes real then actual reality, this is called "hyper-reality"

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- Assumes that people absorb the media unquestioningly, however this is not true as many seek to avoid engaging with the media

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Women are objectified in the media

The majority of media owners are men, they perpetuate dominant patriachal values which further oppress women

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38% of the media in the UK is owned by the BBC (the British Broadcasting Corporation)

Funded by the public, often through TV licences

Key characteristics of the BBC:

1. There are no commercials

2. Intended for public benefit and therefore aims to educate E.g. educational documentaries like Blue planet

3. Due to being funded by the public it must be transparent in how it is run E.g. how much it pays its workers

4. Must be politically neutral (however it is arguable to what degree)

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Ultimate goal is to perusing profit

No means politically neutral

Bagdikian: There has been a significant decrease in the number of media owners.

- In 1985 (USA) there were 50 major media companies
-Now there are only the 'Big 5'

Media mogul Rupert Murdoch owns around 1/5 of all UK media

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Generally what is referred to as 'middle class culture'

It includes;

- Classical music
- Intellectually demanding books
- Theater
- Art

Often require abstract thought or relies on other knowledge to be understood

High culture is often associated with a small elite group explored through the media

Marxists see 'High culture' to be an important part of cultural capital. As it requires understanding, in this way the elite bourgeoisie separate themselves from the working class

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Refers to large scale patterns of cultural practises in the media

Storey: Mass media has key characteristics-

- Highly commercialised
-requires very little abstract thought
-fast turn over

MacDonald: Critical of the mass media and argues it lacks depth and meaning so it may appeal to as many people as possible. By strengthening pop culture many other cultures are underrepresented

Strinati: Mass culture has much to offer. It is not a blanket phenomenon but has many different styles and tastes within in it.

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Refers to the process where cultures around the world become increasingly similar as a result of globalisation.

It is arguable due to global culture the distinction between mass and high culture isn't as significant. This can be seen in previously only the wealthy could travel and access foreign cultures, where as today due to the media a wide variety of cultures are available due to the amount of information available.

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What is the relationship between global culture and the media?

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What is the relationship between global culture and the media?

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Flew: Emerging forms of new media technology are central in developing global culture. Technology based media can be immediately transmitted to a global audience. He argues this has made cultural differences less pronounced.

Example:
Big Brother is shown in 54 countries

Fenton: Global media simply means western media, based on ruling class ideology. Arguing Western culture threatens to dominate over other local culture and calls this 'cultural imperialism.'

Example:
Fast food chains have now become a global phenomenon. This can be seen in how most Japanese families have KFC for Christmas dinner over local food.

Ritzer: Globalisation aims to increase profit through 'cultural homogenisation' undermining local practices.

Pluralists are optimistic about global culture as they argue it allows individuals to pick and choose what they wish to engage in, resulting in a wider range of cultural diversity

'Cultural hybridisation' the combining pf elements of both local and global culture.

Example:
Indian Bollywood is a combination of the American Hollywood and Indian culture and actors.

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Galtung and Ruge: Journalists report on stories with the most 'news values' because it makes them more 'news worthy.'
These include:

Frequency- Events that occur suddenly at convenient times

Negativity- Bad news is considered more news worthy as it generates greater interest

Reference to elite persons- Stories concerning rich or famous get more coverage E.g. Harry and Megan's Royal wedding

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The practical organisation of the media:

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The practical organisation of the media:

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Deadlines: Traditional media is run on a tight system, stories need to meet deadlines in order to make it into print
Audience: changes during they day

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https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/age-social-class-ethnicity-gender-sexuality-disability

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Children:

Aries: 'Childhood' is a social construct, children in the middle ages where treated like mini adults. By the 1900's childhood was portrayed as a time of innocence

Teenagers:

Wayne et al: Media symbolically criminalises teenagers by associating them with crime. They also rarely give them an opportunity to have their voice heard, only 1% new stores feature a teenagers opinion

The Elderly:

Williams and Ylanne: The elderly are underrepresented in the media. The most common representation of the elderly was to be in their 'golden years' or as the 'perfect grandparents.' Although negative representation was rare they found they were sometimes portrayed as 'incompetent'

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The working class:

News papers like the sun who are aimed at the working class tend to use simplistic language in comparison to those aimed at wealthier readers

TV programs that look at the working class tend to portray them as 'thuggish', stupid and deviant

The middle class:

The middle class tends to be over represented in the media E.g. many families in TV shows are middle class

TV shows such as 'location, location, location' or 'escape to the country' are aimed at middle class views who maybe able to afford.

The middle class is often presented as well mannered, ambitious and respected members of society

The upper class:

Altman: Coverage of the rich and famous has doubled since the 80's and national affairs coverage has dropped 10%

Example:
Princess Charlotte's birth was in the news papers for three weeks and received more coverage than the General election

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Hall: The media links skin colour to human nature suggesting black and white people may be naturally different. The media is responsible for perpetuating racial stereotypes.

Example:
'Fresh of the boat' reinforces stereotypes of Asian immigrants

However it has arguably slowly started to change with more coverage of different ethnic and racial groups

Example:
-The release of Black panther an all black- African movie, which was also written and directed by a Black African man
- TV shows like 'Blackish' and 'Adultish' follow the everyday life of a black family

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Women:

Female sociologists consider the media to be 'male stream': made by, for and about men

Wolf: The media is responsible for perpetuating the 'beauty myth' as it shows magazines of 'perfect' women (photo shopped), so women are led to believe that beauty is necessary

Men:

Men are over represented in the media

Connell: Argues the media promotes 'Hegemonic masculinity'

Magazines like HQ focus on viewing women as sexual object (through the male gaze), this encourages men to have 'macho' interests, and those who don't are made to feel inferior

Connell: There has been a shift in popular male celebrities E.g. David Beckham doesn't fit the traditional masculine stereotype as he takes care in his appearance and is into fashion - men are more 'metrosexual'

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The media portrays anything that isn't traditional masculinity as inferior (homosexuality and femininity)

Batchelor and Kitzinger: There a three main portrayals of sexuality in the media-

-News papers: focus on sex crimes and teenage pregnancy
-Youth magazines: Boys- titilation, Girls- sexual health issues
-Television: focuses on the pleasure of sex

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Barnes: The media promote 'disabilist imagery' through harmful stereotypes

The media recently tried to portray those with disability as normal, this is harmful as it doesn't raise awareness of the disabling society is to those with impairments.

Most 'disabled' people in the media are; male, white, straight and between 25-30

Example:
'Me before you' -movie

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The media acts in the same way a hypodermic syringe does; the media is capable of injecting ideas into peoples minds

The audience is passive and the media has a direct powerful influence on society

Example:
Jamie Bulger case:
-Watch 'child play 3' (horror movie)
-Copy cat torture methods

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- Heavily criticised for being over simplistic, as different groups may be affected in different ways
-Many people watch horror movies and yet don't murder people
Neo- Marxist:
The hypodermic model fails to question who has control over the media
The selective filter model:
Klapper: The audience has a choice over whether they are affected or not. They criticise that the hypodermic model as not all will be directly affected by all the media

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It recognises that individuals are not necessarily affected by the media directly

Katz and Lazarfeild: The audience develops and opinion but are affected by 'opinion leaders'

Acknowledges that the audience isn't totally passive, rather affected by their social interactions

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Functionalist model

Argues the media affects the audience by meeting peoples individual needs.

The audience is active

Choose what they want to experience E.g. elderly may more likely to use the media for current affairs

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Argues the uses and gratifications model is too idealistic

Media content is written by men which portrays patriarchal ideology which then infiltrates our beliefs making it seem normal

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Audience is not a homogeneous group

Media is a powerful tool for transmitting capitalist ideology and maintaining a false consciousness over society

It encourages the idea that social inequality is natural, to prevent the proletariat from realising they are being exploited

Media has a 'drip,drip' effect, this is why children seem more content with simple things, we are socialised into believing we need consumerism to fulfil our needs