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http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ww2_summary_01.shtml
https://www.biographyonline.net/military/wwi/people-first-world-war.html
Turning Points, World History Book

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Tsar Nicholas II. The last Russian Emperor. V.Lenin. Leader of the Russian Revolution in 1917.

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Paul von Hindenburg. A Prussian general.

Winston Churchill. First Lord of the Admiralty.

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On 1939, Hitler invades Poland on 1 September. Britain and France declare war on Germany two days later.

On 1940, Rationing starts in the UK; German 'Blitzkrieg' overwhelms Belgium, Holland and France; Churchill becomes Prime Minister of Britain; British Expeditionary Force evacuated from Dunkirk; British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to postpone invasion plans.

On 1941, Hitler begins Operation Barbarossa - the invasion of Russia; The Blitz continues against Britain's major cities; Allies take Tobruk in North Africa, and resist German attacks; Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the US enters the war.

On 1942, Germany suffers setbacks at Stalingrad and El Alamein; Singapore falls to the Japanese in February - around 25,000 prisoners taken; American naval victory at Battle of Midway, in June, marks turning point in Pacific War; Mass murder of Jewish people at Auschwitz begins.

On 1943, Surrender at Stalingrad marks Germany's first major defeat; Allied victory in North Africa enables invasion of Italy to be launched; Italy surrenders, but Germany takes over the battle; British and Indian forces fight Japanese in Burma.

On 1944, Allies land at Anzio and bomb monastery at Monte Cassino; Soviet offensive gathers pace in Eastern Europe; D Day: The Allied invasion of France. Paris is liberated in August; Guam liberated by the US Okinawa, and Iwo Jima bombed.

On 1945, Auschwitz liberated by Soviet troops; Russians reach Berlin: Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders on 7 May; Truman becomes President of the US on Roosevelt's death, and Attlee replaces Churchill; After atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders on 14 August.

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World War II started out because of conflicting ideologies that set nations pitting against each other. Continued extreme nationalistic sentiments, the waning of democracy, and the rise of dictators formed new alliances. These created the preconditions for the start of World War II.

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Anschluss

- refers to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.

atomic bomb

- a weapon with great explosive power by splitting atoms through fission.

blitzkrieg

- an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory.

concentration camp

- This were meant to imprison, compel forced labor, and eventually kill the Jewish people.

fascism

- a way of ruling that advocates total control of the people.

genocide

- the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Luftwaffe

- A German word meaning "air weapon"
- German air force

Nazism

- the political principles of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.

politburo

- the principal policy making committee in the former Soviet Union, founded in 1917.

totalitarianism

- a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.

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A new world began to form. In the German Reich under Wilhelm II was the German social democracy, known as Weimar Republic. The Austro-Hungarian empire split into the independent nations of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Tsarist Russia fell into a civil war. The Ottoman empire declined with abolition of the caliphate and establishment of Turkey Republic. In 1922, Germany faced a major financial crisis. Wages dropped leading to massive labor strikes among German workers. Levied taxes were increased that caused inflation. Germany introduced reforms and economic nationalism. To aid German recovery, Dawes Plan was made.

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January 25, 1919, the Paris Peace Conference created the inter-nation peace keeping organization called the League of Nations.
The League aims, as stated in its Covenant, to:
1. prevent wars by reducing the militray
2. promote collective security; and
3. settle international disputes through diplomacy.
The League was weak and one of the major reasons for its failure is the decision against membership by US, citing that they want isolationism. US senate refused to ratify Treaty of Versailles, which weakened the League.

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After armistice agreement, the allies faced a war torn Europe. In 1919, the victors met at the Paris Peace Conference to settle terms for World Peace. The men who facilitated the Paris Peace Conference was the "Big Four".
The highlight of the conference revolved around Wilson's Fourteen Points. There were five major tenets to focused on:
1. Open Covenants of Peace.
2. Freedom of Navigation, Fair Trade, and the Fair Treatment of Colonial Peoples.
3. Disarment.
4.The Right to Self-Determination.
5. The Establishment of the League of Nations.
Wilson's vision of a democratic world was hindered. Bitterness grew among powers, especially those who really suffered from aggression. On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed. It imposed all war guilt on Germany and Austria-Hungary. The Territory of Alsace-Lorraine, previously conquered by Germany in 1871 and returned to France

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Allied victory seemed at a loss. The Germans saw the opportunity to attack Paris to finally break the stalemate.However, In the entry of US a year earlier, supported by tank warfare, Germans forces were defeated at the Second Battle of Marne on July 18, 1918. The Empire finally collapsed with the declaration of independence of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.
By November, Germany remained as the only Central Power at War. November 09, Wilhelm II abdicated the throne and a German republic, led by Social Democrats, was announced. On November 11, World War I officially ended.

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For the 1st time in the history of warfare, airplanes took flight on the battlefront. By 1915, airplanes were used to attack ground targets.

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President Woodrow Wilson  of the United States of America proclaimed neutrality when the war broke out in August 1914. When war was in progress, the American participation became inevitable. Germany made use of submarines called U-boat.
On May 1915, The Germans torpedoed an American tanker and sank the British passenger ship RMS Luistania. On May 31 1916 was the Battle of Jutland, where victory between the British and German was inconclusive.
December 1961, Germany reinstituted its unrestricted submarine warfare thinking that British would surrender and that Americans would remain neutral.
On April 02, 1917, Woodrow Wilson cancelled all diplomatic ties with Germany and asked the US Congress to declare a war.
In 1918, the Allied forces, reinforced by the US soldiers, launched an ambitious attack against the Western Front.

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The Russian military was  dampened. Worsened by the Tarist government. A series of  strikes led by around 10, 000 working-class women in Russia's Capital city of Petrograd ensued. Known as the March Revolution, the Russian working class demanded of the Tsarist  government.
March 12, Russian Duma established a provisional government. By, March 15, the Czar stepped down and the 300 year old Romanov Dynasty came to an end.
Russian army remained low and dissatisfied. So this resulted to establishing a new authority known as Soviets. One important group, Bolsheviks under Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov(lenin) gave rise to Marxism.
November 1915, Lenin and Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional gov't. On March 03 1918, Lenin negotiated a peace treaty with Germany, The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. With signing of that treaty, Russia was out of World War I

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August 30, 1914 at the Battle of Tannenberg, in Eastern Prussia and on September 15 at the Battle of Masurian Lakes, the Germans defeated the Russians. While Austria-Hungary lost most of its battles. Italy betrayed the Central Powers by attacking the Austria in May 1915. To salvage Austria defeat against Russia, a coalition of German-Austrian troops stormed the Russian army in Galicia and drove the offensive troops out.  Many Russians were wounded or killed in this campaign. Bulgaria joined the alliance and attacked Serbia because of Centrals Powers' successful campaign. With this victory, Central Powers led by the Germans, shifted its resources westward.

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The early months of World War I were fought by Germany in the Western Front—in Southern Belgium and Northern France. The Schlieffen Plan aimed to surround the French city of Paris. By September 6-10, 1914, French and British troops proved resistant against the German Army. German defeat at the Battle of Marne ended the plan. As a product of the Industrial Revolution, both Allied and Central Powers were matched using barbed wires, artillery, machine guns, rifles, and land mines. The advancing German troops faced a stalement against the French in trench warfare. Most of the tactics involved a strong defense under trenches.
Life in the western front proved even more difficult. Soldiers fortunate enough to live another day. The Battle of Verdun and Battle of Somme in 1916, are the most futile operations, shelling out casualties that number to the hundreds of thousands without any positive result.

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Austrian riots in Sarajevo killed many ethnic Serbs because of the death of the archduke. Franz Joseph I, sought its German allies by writing to Kaiser Wilhelm II of 'Germany for support. Germany responded with a  "blank check" meaning that they fully support them.
On July 23, Austro-Hungarians gave Siberia a list of demands but Siberia rejected it for demands are too extreme. On July 28, Austro-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
Czar Nicholas II ordered full mobilization of its army against Austria-Hungary in support to Serbia. August 01, Germany declared a war against Russia Czar. Germany forseeing the possibility of a two-front war, carrried out the Schlieffen Plan against both Russia and France. Since the plan violated Belgian Neutrality, the British declared war on Germany on August 04.
Diplomacy was also seen as a solution. However, the aggression between the two sides—The Allied Powers, composed of the Triple Entete and The Central Powers, composed of the Triple Alliance and they were proved to be unstoppable

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The spark that led to the explosion of the powder keg was the event that transpired in the summer of 1914. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family visited the Bosnian capital city. To ethnic Serbs, this was infuriating because of their belief and that  the visit of a high ranking Austro-Hungarian is a threat to Serbin Independence.
The Black Hand, a terrorist organization threw a bomb at archduke's car but it failed to assassinate him. So, the Archduke and his wife were shot by a 19 year old Bosnian Serb Gavrilo.

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Greeks and Slavs fought for independence against Ottoman rule. Tensions did not subside as the influence of Russia and Austria-Hungary strengthened the region. Historians called the Balkans the '"powder keg of Europe" because of the ethnic conflicts that arose in the region.
The Treaty of Berlin(1878) provided Austria-Hungary a firm succession of power in the region with the right to administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.
October 06, 1908, Austro-Hungarian Empire officially annexed the nation, giving rise to conflict known as the Bosnian Crisis.This move led to a massive Slavic uproar in the Kingdom of Serbia.
In the 1904-1905's Russo-Japanese War, Russians were proved to be a weak ally after its loss, thereby limiting its promise to complete support to Serbian campaign.
October 08, 1912, the First Balkan War happened. The attacking of Balkan League (nations of Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro) to the Ottoman Empire.This led to the creation of the independent nation of Albania and expansion of Greece, Serbia, etc. After a year, June 16, 1913, the Second Balkan War erupted. Bulgaria attacked the Serbia
and Greece but lost after 33 days dissolving the Balkan League.

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In 1800s, The major European powers organized themselves in case war breaks out. Major alliances were made to protect interests between nation-states.
In the interest of keeping French aggression at bay, Otto Von Bismarck negotiated the establishment of the League of Three Emperors in 1863. It is an alliance between the emperors of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.
In 1879, whose main goal is to minimize Russian influence over the Balkans. In 1882, Italy was included in the alliance, officially creating the Triple Alliance. It is composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple Entete, a coalition between France and Britain, shaped a dangerous balance of power in Europe.

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The brewing tension caused the worsening of internal conflicts. Clamor ideologies, such as the socialist labor movement, caused rampant violence due to unfair labor practices. The working class demanded from wealthy class better wages and the improvement of working conditions. Nation-states with worst internal conflicts were on the verge of revolution. Conservative leaders were encouraged to regain control through the idea of unifying nation by war.
The internal and external situations caused Europe to strengthen large armies for war. In 1870 and 1914, military spending increased, doubling the size of European armies. The British and Germans, having had a long history of political and military rivalry, began a race. In 1906, British ended the navel race with  the Germans with the construction of HMS Dreadnought.
Conscription became the norm, enlarging most of the armies in the continent.

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The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

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The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

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In 1800, the root of rivalries between  Europeans was the rise of nationalism. National pride became their most important trait.
Nationalism brewed tensions between nations such as France and Germany, with the defeat of French in the Franco Prussian War (1870-1871) that lead to the formation  and strengthening of the German Reich. This sparked an air of revenge for French and a determination for Germans to keep the conquests, esp. the annexed territories of Alsace-Lorraine.
After her unification in 1871, nationalistic feelings emerged in Italy due to the Italians who live in the areas that are controlled by Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Instead of promoting peaceful coexistence in the European nation-states, nationalism forged rivalries due to increasing industrialization, naval supremacy, colonialism, and international trade. This imperialistic rivalry worsened the relationship of nation-states.  and other colonial rivalries led to worsening negative sentiments against rival nation-states.

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Georges Clemenceau. French Prime Minister from 1917-1920. Clemenceau known as the “Tiger”.

Woodrow Wilson. Initially sought to keep America out of the global conflict. But, in 1917, he finally relented and took America into the war against Germany.

David Lloyd George. Prime Minister of the UK from 1916 to the end of war.

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League of Nations

- organization of nations that was created in the interest of international peace.

Soviet

- an elected local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union.

alliances

-  union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations.

conscription

- popular method of drafting soldiers.

isolationism

- a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

militarism

- the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability.

nationalism

- the belief and loyalty to a particular country or culture.

disarmament

- the reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons.

trench warfare

- it is the World War I military tactic using dugouts as shelter.

inflation

- massive rise in general prices.

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I. The Roots of the Great War

The Rise of the Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

Internal Conflicts and Militarism

The System of Alliances

The Balkan Conflicts

II. The Great  War: 1914 to 1918

The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Declarations of War

The Western Front

The Eastern Front

The Russian Revolution

The End of the Great War

Final Offensive : 1918

Peace Settlements

The League of Nations

The Aftermath of the Great War

III. World War II

The Path  to World War II

The Expansion of Nationalism

The Waning of Democracy

Totalitarianism and The Rise of Dictators

New Alliances and the New Asian Order

The Expansion of the War: 1939 to 1945

The War Begins in Europe

Blitzkrieg and The Invasion of Poland

The Battle of Britain

Europe and The Holocaust

The Soviet Invasion

The War in the Pacific

Allied Offensive

Final Years of World War II

The Aftermath of World War II

Devastations Across the World

Socio-political Landscape After Wolrd War II

The United Nations

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Lesson 10: The World In Conflict And The Struggle For Peace

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Lesson 10: The World In Conflict And The Struggle For Peace

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By: Princess Abegail M. Maranan
8 - Micah

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In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Analyze the root causes that gave rise to the World War I
2. Describe significant events that transpired during World War I
3. Asses the effects of World War I
4. Analyze the efforts of nations to achieve international peace and prosperity
5. Analyze the causes that gave rise to World War II
6. Analyze the significant events that transpired during World War II
7. Asses the effects of World War II
8. Reflect critically on learning experiences and processes; and
9. Analyze and evaluate major alternative points of view.