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Urbanization is the process where people move from rural  area to urban area, population becomes more concentrated in the city

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Urbanization started in the region of Mesopotamia as one of the first urban hearths, along with Nile and Indus river, approximately in 4500 BC. Others believe the first city was in 5400 BC in Iraq.

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Urban Banana is market central which consist of multiple large city linking from Europe to Asia (Specifically: Paris to Osaka). This does not include America. It is called the Urban Banana because the link of all market central countries creates a crescent shape. They all share one trade routes creating a market network.

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Industrial Revolution
With the help of technology, there was no need for labor in rural areas. Industrial revolution allowed people to mass produce, improve living conditions as well as income. People started seeking jobs/opportunity in the city. Pull and push factors are a tool to categorize reasons for urbanization.

Pull to urban area: Standard of living, education, medical care, jobs, wealth.

Push away from rural area: Low land value, no need for labour, drought, no service, no education, poverty.

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Sudden change in movement and demand require production, services and infrastructure. The country will struggle with providing the demand of their people. They will not be prepared to combat any difficulties of this sudden change. Sustainability refers to the ability to use resources wisely in a way where it is going to last for new generations in the future. Rapid urbanization requires a large amount of resources in a short amount of time. Taking it on a large scale will give the environment no time to catch up with the demand of the population.

List
Slums, unemployment, overcrowded, diseases, medical care, traffic jam, higher demand (environmental destruction), decrease in biodiversity, genetic home

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One of the first hearths was in Fertile Crescent and SouthWest Asia which is categorized as agricultural hearths.
Agricultural hearths refer to long distance trading using materials.

Other main hearths
- Mesopotamia
- Nile River
- Indus River
- Huang He Valley
- Mesoamerica

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These two are considered two of the most powerful and advanced urban cities. Both were the central city for social and economic activity. They both developed extensive transportation system as well as government system.

Roman were experts in complicated architectures, defense methods, and transportation/trading routes.
Greek were experts in market operation, the arts such as theatre and literature.

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Pre-Industrial Cities vs Pre-Industrial Colonial Cities

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Pre-Industrial Cities vs Pre-Industrial Colonial Cities

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Pre-Industrial Cities are those that existed even before the Industrial Revolution. They were meant to be the center for trading and market.Typically, the wealthier lives closer to the city that includes all forms of economic activity (shops, public services, offices)

Pre-Industrial Colonial Cities are those that were developed when colonized by usually by the West. The purpose of colonizing is for agricultural activity to provide materials for colonizing countries.