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1960: Scores die in Sharpeville shoot-out
More than 50 black people were killed when police opened fire on a "peaceful" protest in the South African township of Sharpeville.
Eye-witnesses said men, women and children fled 'like rabbits' as up to 300 officers began randomly shooting into a 5,000-strong crowd outside the municipal offices in Sharpeville.

Scores of injured have been taken to Baragwanath hospital near Johannesburg suffering gun-shot wounds.

It is not yet clear why the police, in armoured vehicles, opened fire at approximately 1315 local time today, although it is understood some protesters had been stone-throwing.

Non-violent campaign

Between 5,000 and 7,000 people had gathered at Sharpeville police station to protest against the pass laws, which they claim are designed by an apartheid government to seriously restrict their movement in white areas.

The laws, which require all black men and women to carry reference books containing their personal details including name, tax code and employer details, have this year been extended to all black women as well as men.

The law states that anyone found in a public place without their book will be arrested and detained for up to 30 days.

PAC leader, Robert Subukwe, said today's march was intended to be the first of a five-day, non-violent campaign by black Africans to persuade the government to abolish the laws.

The aim was for all black Africans to leave their pass books at home and present themselves at police stations for arrest.

This, said Mr Subukwe, would cause prisons to become overcrowded, labour to dry up and the economy to grind to a halt.

But three hours after it began, the 'peaceful' gathering had turned into a blood-bath.

It is understood police attempted to disperse the crowd with a squadron of low-flying aircraft before drafting in extra reinforcements.

Police Commander D H Pienaar said: "It started when hordes of natives surrounding the police station.

"If they do these things, they must learn their lessons the hard way."

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BBC ON THIS DAY | 21 | 1960: Scores die in Sharpeville shoot-out

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1960: Scores die in Sharpeville shoot-out More than 50 black people were killed when police opened fire on a "peaceful" protest in the South African township of Sharpeville. Eye-witnesses said men, women and children fled 'like rabbits' as up to 300 officers began randomly shooting into a 5,000-strong crowd outside the municipal offices in Sharpeville.

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2. Which city is known to South Africans as the “Mother City” ?

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IDEA OF PROGRESS/ MYTHS AND HEROES

How far has the South African territory evolved since the legacy of Apartheid?

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2. Get some further information about the ANC and the South African repression: Go browse the websites to answer the questions.- What did the ANC’s campaign of civil disobedience led by Mandela in 1950 consist in?http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.htmlhttp://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/progact.html- -What happened in Sharpeville in 1960?http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/21/newsid_2653000/2653405.stmhttp://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/specialprojects/sharpevill/menu.htm- What were the 1976 Soweto riots about? How were they repressed?http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_2514000/2514467.stmhttp://www.aidc.org.za/files/Alts%20June%20Pull%201_0.pdf- What were the measures taken during the state of emergency that was declared in 1984-1989? --What was the role of the South African Broadcasting Corporation?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid#State_of_emergency- --How did ANC activists respond to such measures? What was their aim?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress#Violent_political_resistance 

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2. Get some further information about the ANC and the South African repression: Go browse the websites to answer the questions.- What did the ANC’s campaign of civil disobedience led by Mandela in 1950 consist in?http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.htmlhttp://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/progact.html- -What happened in Sharpeville in 1960?http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/21/newsid_2653000/2653405.stmhttp://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/specialprojects/sharpevill/menu.htm- What were the 1976 Soweto riots about? How were they repressed?http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_2514000/2514467.stmhttp://www.aidc.org.za/files/Alts%20June%20Pull%201_0.pdf- What were the measures taken during the state of emergency that was declared in 1984-1989? --What was the role of the South African Broadcasting Corporation?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid#State_of_emergency- --How did ANC activists respond to such measures? What was their aim?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress#Violent_political_resistance 

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Apartheid ( South African English: ; Afrikaans: [aˈpartɦəit], lit. "separateness") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on (or white supremacy), which encouraged state repression of Black African, Coloured, and Asian South Africans for the benefit of the nation's minority white population.

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How did ANC activists respond to such measures? What was their aim?

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Nelson Mandela a time line .. Happy 90th Birthday wishes.

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What makes a leader great, and when exactly does the transformation take place? In this lesson students and teachers can follow the evolution of Nelson Mandela in archival articles from The New York Times, from his early years as a jailed dissident in apartheid South Africa to his death last week at the age of 95.

You may wish to begin by reading Mr. Mandela's obituary or this interactive timeline. Then explore each era from Nelson Mandela's life below, reading the original news articles filed by Times reporters in South Africa. Take notes on your impressions of Mr. Mandela during different time periods or events, and consider the ways in which early articles differ from those written near the end of his life. Evaluate crucial decisions and decide which chapters of his life served as critical turning points. Or take on the role of historian, making your own case for which perspectives represent the true Mandela. For additional teaching ideas for how to use the resources included below, go to the bottom of this post.
1950s and '60s: Rebel in the Shadows
"I do not, however, deny that I planned sabotage," Mr. Mandela said at the so-called Rivonia Trial in 1964. "I did not plan it in a spirit of recklessness, nor because I have any love of violence. I planned it as a result of a calm and sober assessment of the political situation that had arisen after many years of tyranny, exploitation and oppression of my people by the whites."

In 1964, Mr. Mandela, a 46-year-old lawyer, had already been fighting for more than two decades against the system of race-based laws that would come to be known as apartheid. Speaking for more than four hours at his trial on charges of sabotage and attempted overthrow of the government, he admitted his guilt under laws he declared to be immoral. He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison.

Read the 1964 coverage of that trial, "Crisis in South Africa" (PDF), by the Times reporter Robert Conley, and a 1966 article by Joseph Lelyveld on daily life under apartheid, "Where 78% of the People are the 'Others'" (PDF). You may wish to do some further research on Mr. Mandela's early life and experiences as an anti-apartheid activist, or listen to this radio diary on events leading up to the Rivonia Trial. What prompted a talented man with bright prospects and a commitment to nonviolence to risk everything by trying to bring down his country's government? Using evidence and quotations from the articles you have read, make the case to explain how and why Mr. Mandela became a rebel in South Africa.
1970s and '80s: Prisoner
'"He feels he has been on the right track all along," said Makgatho Mandela, a son of Nelson Mandela. "His whole purpose in life is the struggle for a free, democratic united South Africa. So he does not regret anything.'"

By the late 1970s, Nelson Mandela had already passed his 60th birthday in prison (PDF). As the Times reporter John F. Burns wrote in the article "Soweto's Blacks No Longer Accept their 'Uncle Toms'" (PDF), some younger South Africans were suggesting that he and other leaders from the 1960s were no longer relevant. But family members wrote of his struggle (PDF) and helped him remain connected to the outside world. And many people in South Africa and elsewhere said they continued to feel inspired by his imprisonment to fight against the apartheid system.

By the 1980s, the anti-apartheid movement was drawing increasing international attention. Artists designed posters to raise support for sanctions against the apartheid government, athletes were pressured to avoid the country, and pop stars wrote songs about Mr. Mandela, occasionally facing arrest for performing them in the country.

What was the effect of Mr. Mandela's imprisonment on the struggle to end apartheid in South Africa? Are there ways in which he was able to keep leading the movement from behind bars, and do you think the country's history might have been different if he had avoided prison? Explain how his years behind bars may have contributed to his ultimate success and the largely peaceful resolution of apartheid.
Early 1990s: Peacemaker
"My friends, comrades and fellow South Africans, I greet you all in the name of peace, democracy and freedom for all. I stand here before you not as a prophet but as a humble servant of you, the people. Your tireless and heroic sacrifices have made it possible for me to be here today. I therefore place the remaining years of my life in your hands."

It was a moment that many people thought would never come. On Feb. 11, 1990, Nelson Mandela walked out of prison a free man. Less than a year later, the government led by F.W. de Klerk, the white president of South Africa, was taking steps to dismantle apartheid. Mr. Mandela and Mr. de Klerk, who would jointly win the Nobel Peace Prize, showed the world that it was possible for bitter enemies to set aside their differences and compromise for the common good. But it was far from easy.

How did Mr. Mandela and Mr. de Klerk manage to short-circuit a conflict between whites and blacks that many feared would end in civil war? And which groups in South Africa did they need to placate in order to resolve the national conflict over apartheid? Read the article "Mandela to Go Free Today" and a transcript of Mr. de Klerk's news conference. Then watch a video in which Mr. Burns, the Times reporter, describes the tensions at Mr. Mandela's first news conference as a free man, and read a transcript of Mr. Mandela's first speech to the nation. Write a chart or analysis in which you describe how each man did his part to move their nation beyond conflict.
1990s and 2000s: The Challenge of Governing
"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion," Mr. Mandela wrote in his 1994 autobiography. "People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite."

From the moment he was released from prison, Nelson Mandela was under pressure to end the violence - not only between whites and blacks, but also between rival black groups in South Africa. But that was only the first task on his list after being elected the country's first black president in 1994. Mr. Mandela faced a mountain of high expectations to reduce poverty, increase public services and improve the quality of life for impoverished South Africans. He included whites and blacks in his government, and promised to pardon those accused of committing crimes during the apartheid years, provided that they testified before a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Some of his former enemies resisted the offer as others plotted revenge. But he won the hearts of many white South Africans by embracing the national rugby team, which had been widely viewed as a symbol of apartheid.

Read the coverage of Mr. Mandela's last State of the Nation speech in 1999 and list the achievements and failures of his single term as president of South Africa. Did Mr. Mandela seem to be as successful in running the country as he was at leading the resistance against apartheid?
Looking Back: A Man and His Country
"It is never my custom to use words lightly," Mr. Mandela said in 2000 at the 13th International AIDS Conference. "If 27 years in prison have done anything to us, it was to use the silence of solitude to make us understand how precious words are and how real speech is in its impact on the way people live and die."

In the years after his presidency, Mr. Mandela tried to step back from daily politics, but he found himself drawn into the debate over fighting AIDS in a country where many considered the subject taboo. The death of one of his sons from the disease in 2005 only increased Mr. Mandela's efforts, and he later said that he should have done more as president.

Since that time, Nelson Mandela's legacy has cast a long shadow over South Africa. Can the country and its leaders ever live up to the promise of their emergence from apartheid? Read the tributes pouring in from foreign leaders and Times readers, browse front pages from newspapers around the world and watch a video on reactions to his death by people in the sprawling Soweto township outside Johannesburg. Then consider more critical judgments in this news article, "For Mandela, Reverence, But Criticism, Too." Which tributes or criticisms seem off base, and which ones ring true compared to past news coverage of Mr. Mandela? How will Mr. Mandela be remembered by the "born free" generation of students in this video that never knew life under apartheid?
Going Further
Did sports help to set Mr. Mandela free and end apartheid? Read about his athletic background and how his support for the international boycott against sporting events in South Africa put pressure on the government to reform. Then do further research on the sports boycott and decide whether it was effective. "I wanted to make sure our people know how much I appreciated the sacrifices made by our athletes during the many years of the boycott," Mr. Mandela said in 1994. "I have no doubt I became president today sooner than I would have had they not made those sacrifices."

Did he write and talk his way to greatness? Few recent historical figures have proven to be as quotable as Nelson Mandela. Consider this collection of memorable speeches from career, marking favorites or taking notes on the ways in which his words evolved over the course of his public life. Then make the case for which speaks loudest: Nelson Mandela's words or his actions.

Was he a Communist? In an Op-Ed article, the columnist Bill Keller writes about revelations that Nelson Mandela may once have joined the Communist Party. Does it matter? Through the Cold War years, conservatives in the United States maintained that Mr. Mandela's African National Congress party was being manipulated by the Soviet Union. Does this seem persuasive, or do you support the view that Communists in South Africa helped maintain the multiracial character of the anti-apartheid movement?

Did Nelson Mandela help democracy to spread? John Dramani Mahama, the president of Ghana, was 5 years old when Mr. Mandela went to prison. He says Africans took note of the reconciliation-oriented course that South Africa followed after apartheid, and charted a similar path. Does the evidence support such a statement? Look for examples of Mr. Mandela's peacekeeping efforts in Africa, and decide whether his leadership made a difference on the continent.

Did he inspire others to fight injustice? It is not just South Africans who were moved to action by Nelson Mandela's example. In this 2010 Op-Ed feature, seven former political prisoners from around the world reflected on how Mr. Mandela's release from prison helped them to survive their own incarceration. What specific lessons did they learn, and how did they apply them in their own countries?

Additional Teaching Ideas

Teaching about Nelson Mandela's life may seem overwhelming, so we offer various ways teachers can use the many resources listed above.

Jigsaw Research: In a jigsaw, students work in separate small groups researching different parts of Mr. Mandela's life. For example, one group can research his early life, while another group researches his prison years. Then, new groups can be formed with one member from each research group, with individual students reporting back about what they learned in their original research groups. Alternatively, small groups can report back to the whole class or even assemble a museum-style classroom exhibition.

Gallery Walk: In this activity, the classroom becomes a gallery exhibit detailing the various parts of Mr. Mandela's life using photographs, speeches, articles, posters, and even videos and music. The "gallery" can be assembled by the teacher, or by students working in jigsaw research groups. You may want to post chart paper on the wall for each important stage in Mr. Mandela's life as well, so students can write their reactions to what they learned and read what their peers have to say. You can also give students a handout with questions to answer and discuss, including the questions embedded in the narrative above about Mr. Mandela's life.

WebQuest: The above overview of Mr. Mandela's life, linked to Times resources, can be used as a WebQuest, where students work in pairs or small groups to complete a task. Possible tasks include designing a memorial, writing a eulogy, creating a museum exhibit, assembling a slide show or composing historical diary entries.
Other Resources The New York Times Special Section | Nelson Mandela, 1918-2013 Mandela: An Audio History PBS Frontline | The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 The Nelson Mandela Foundation | The Life and Times of Nelson Mandela
"Tree Shaker: The Story of Nelson Mandela" by Bill Keller

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From Rebel to Statesman: Teaching About the Life of Nelson Mandela

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In this lesson students and teachers can follow the evolution of Nelson Mandela in archival articles from The New York Times, from his early years as a jailed dissident in apartheid South Africa to his death last week at the age of 95.

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Click on the following website , browse the net to complete and get information about South Africa from pst to present:

https://fr.scribd.com/document/224054832/Webquest-About-South-Africabis

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C GENERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

Answer the following questions about SOUTH AFRICA Cli!" on the un#erline# wor#s to swit!h to a new Website
ea!h ti$e
Cir!le on the $a% of SOUTH AFRICA below the !ities $entione# or &isite# throughout the webquest
O What is the capital of South Africa ?
.
O Which city is known to South Africans as the Mother City?
.
O Who were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa in 1652 ?
.
O What happene fro! 1"## to 1#$2 ?
.
O Why is April 2%
th
i!portant for South Africans ?
.
O &ow !any official lan'ua'es are spoken in South Africa ?
.
OWhat is the current (resient calle?
.
OWhat i )es!on *utu teach in South Africa fro! 1#6% to 1#%2 ?
.
O What is +ohannes,ur'-s nickna!e ? why?
.
G What is Soweto referre to ?
.
OO Who esi'ne the .ational /la' 0 an when was it first use?
.
OO 1i2e a efinition of A(A3*&E4)5 When i it ie?

OO Who was calle the Chief Architect of Aparthei?

OO When was .elson Manela ,orn ?

OO &ow lon' i nelson !anela stay in prison?

OO When was he aware the .o,el (ri6e for (eace?

OO Which no2el written ,y Alan (aton was aapte ,y )arrell +a!es 3oot ?

OO What o the letters A5.5C stan for 7 8 represent9

C HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT APARTHEID AND SOUTH AFRICA ?

Take the Quiz to find out.
C ARTICLE : 3ea this article an o an acti2ity to check your unerstanin'5 +ustify your answers
when it is wron' :uotin' fro! the te;t5
Accompanied by his wife Winnie Mandela, Nelson Mandela was driven from the prison 60
km to Cape Town along a rote lined by thosands of spporters! "n the steps of the City
#all he spoke to a crowd of $0,000 who had waited for hors for his appearance! #is first
words were a salte to the people of %oth Africa, to whom he declared& '( stand here
before yo not as a prophet bt as a hmble servant of yo, the people! )or tireless and
heroic sacrifices have made it possible for me to be here today**( therefore place the
remaining years of my life in yor hands!' #e e+pressed gratitde to 'the millions of my
compatriots and those in every corner of the globe who have campaigned tirelessly for my
release'! (n conclsion he ,oted directly from his statement from the dock at the opening
of the defense case in the -ivonia trial in ./60 & '( have foght against white domination,
and ( have foght against black domination! ( have cherished the idea of a democratic and
free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with e,al opportnities! (t is
an ideal which ( hope to live for and to achieve! 1t if needs be, it is an ideal for which ( am
prepared to die!' 2resident de 3lerk, in a radical speech at the state opening of 2arliament
on 4eb! 5, had srprised spporters and critics alike by annoncing not only the impending
release of Nelson Mandela, bt also the nbanning of the African National Congress
6ANC7, the 2an Africanist Congress 62AC**the ANC8s smaller rival7 and the %oth African
Commnist 2arty 6%AC27! #e also lifted some of the restrictions imposed on media
reporting and personal freedoms nder the state of emergency reglations, and said that
the ./$9 -eservation of %eparate Amenities Act wold be repealed dring the crrent
session of 2arliament! :e 3lerk signalled that the government now acknowledged the need
to begin talks with leaders of %oth Africa8s ma;ority black poplation! Annoncing that 'the
time for negotiation has arrived', de 3lerk invited representative black leaders to 'walk
throgh the open door' and take their place at the negotiating table 'together with the
government and other leaders who have important power bases inside and otside
2arliament'! An increasing nmber of %oth Africans now reali<ed, he said, that 'only a
negotiated nderstanding between the representative leaders of the entire poplation can
ensre lasting peace', the alternative to which was 'growing violence, tension and conflict'!
The government now soght agreement on 'a totally new, ;st constittional system in
which every inhabitant will en;oy e,al rights, treatment and opportnities in every sphere
of endeavor& constittional, social and economic'!
:e 3lerk was now able to claim that there was no longer any ;stification for violent protest,
in view of his invitation 'to all leaders who seek peace', along with the lifting of restrictions
on political grops, which he said now placed everybody in a position to prse politics
freely!
C ABOUT THE SOUTH AFRICAN FLAG O Color it =
The Republic of South Africa's flag (sometimes called the "rainbow flag")
is a sideways green "Y" and also has areas of red, blue, blac, yellow,
and white! The blac triangle (between the two arms of the "Y") is the
hoist side (the side where it attaches to the flag pole)! This flag was
adopted on April "#, $%%&!
The "Y" on the flag symboli'es the union of many groups of people in
South Africa! The many colors represent the rainbow of people in South
Africa!
O When was it adopted > What does this date mark> 1
O The colors of the flag have an official meaning ! TRUE E
FALSE E ?stify yor choice!
O (ndicate what the colors may symboli<e !1
O Name given to the %oth African 4lag & 1
C TEST YOURSELF ON SOUTH AFRICA : Complete th! CROSSWORD PU""LE
6 7
1
8
2
12
9 11
10
3 S
4 S
S
5
ACROSS:
1- A major political figure who fought against racism in South Africa .
2- Complete : the . Flag .
3- A Language which is relate to !utch an is spo"en in South Africa .
#- A white nati$e % escenant of !utch settlers% spea"ing Afri"aans.
&- 'ne of the South African ethnic groups .
DOWN:
6- South Africa (ational !a) is on *+
th
.
+- First name of the South African leaer of the anti-aparthei mo$ement.
,- South Africa-s capital cit) .
.- /n South Africa% a political s)stem in which people of ifferent races were totall) separate.
10- A famous anti-aparthei leaer in the 1.10-s .
11- South Africa-s largest cit).
1*- A South African town where onl) 2lac"s li$e 3efore .
YOUR ORAL TASK #

As a stuent in <ournalis! , you have been given the following assignments:
- Complete a WE=>?ES* on South Africa online.
- Make an auio report in the form of a pocast to be posted online.
- Make use of the information collected throughout the we,:uest to provide an overview
of South Africa , including key e2ents and facts about this diverse country with a
special mention to its acti2ists and leaers who have fought against aparthei.
- -mail your !odcast to : ppan'el@Aaol5co!
*he ,est pocast will ,e poste on Miss An'el-s We,site5

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Answer the following questions about SOUTH AFRICA Cli!" on the un#erline# wor#s to swit!h to a new Website ea!h ti$e Cir!le on the $a% of SOUTH AFRICA below the !ities $entione# or &isite# throughout the webquest O What is the capital of South Africa ?

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Listen to the video and pick up the main information
4’40 à 5’34 : unemployment rate among the black population, a black graduate’s prospects,
5’34 à 7’36 : corrupted leaders, an education system in decline, Archbishop Desmond’s hopeful
nature,
7’36 à 9’23 : imagining South Africa without Nelson Mandela, ‘men are hard-wired to do good’,
9’23 à 10’16 : evil will never have the last word.

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Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act,
Act No 55 of 1949 Prohibited marriages between white people and people of other races. Between 1946 and the enactment of this law, only 75 mixed marriages had been recorded, compared with some 28,000 white marriages. Population Registration Act, Act No 30 of 1950 Led to the creation of a national register in which every person's race was recorded. A Race Classification Board took the final decision on what a person's race was in disputed cases. Group Areas Act, Act No 41 of 1950 Forced physical separation between races by creating different residential areas for different races. Led to forced removals of people living in "wrong" areas, for example Coloureds living in District Six in Cape Town. Separate Representation of Voters Act, Act No 46 of 1951 Together with the 1956 amendment, this act led to the removal of Coloureds from the common voters' roll. Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, Act No 52 of 1951 Gave the Minister of Native Affairs the power to remove blacks from public or privately owned land and to establishment resettlement camps to house these displaced people. Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, Act No 67 of 1952 Commonly known as the Pass Laws, this ironically named act forced black people to carry identification with them at all times. A pass included a photograph, details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. It was a criminal offence to be unable to produce a pass when required to do so by the police. No black person could leave a rural area for an urban one without a permit fromthe local authorities. On arrival in an urban area a permit to seek work had to be obtained within 72 hours. Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act of 1953 Prohibited strike action by blacks. Bantu Education Act, Act No 47 of 1953 Established a Black Education Department in the Department of Native Affairs which would compile a curriculum that suited the "nature and requirements of the black people". The author of the legislation, Dr Hendrik Verwoerd (then Minister of Native Affairs, later Prime Minister), stated that its aim was to prevent Africans receiving an education that would lead them to aspire to positions they wouldn't be allowed to hold in society. Instead Africans were to receive an education designed to provide them with skills to serve their own people in the homelands or to work in labouring jobs under whites. Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, Act No 49 of 1953 Forced segregation in all public amenities, public buildings, and public transport with the aim of eliminating contact between whites and other races. "Europeans Only" and "Non-Europeans Only" signs were put up. The act stated that facilities provided for different races need not be equal. Bantu Investment Corporation Act, Act No 34 of 1959 Provided for the creation of financial, commercial, and industrial schemes in areas designated for black people. Extension of University Education Act, Act 45 of 1959 Put an end to black students attending white universities (mainly the universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand). Created separate tertiary institutions for whites, Coloured, blacks, and Asians. Terrorism Act of 1967
Allowed for indefinite detention without trial and established BOSS, the Bureau of State Security, which was responsible for the internal security of South Africa. Bantu Homelands Citizens Act of 1970 Compelled all black people to become a citizen of the homeland that responded to their ethnic group, regardless of whether they'd ever lived there or not, and removed their South African citizenship.
5

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Nelson Mandela, the towering figure of Africa's struggle for freedom and a hero to millions around the world, has died at the age of 95.

South Africa's first black president died in the company of his family at home in Johannesburg after years of declining health that had caused him to withdraw from public life.

The news was announced to the country by the current president, Jacob Zuma, who in a sombre televised address said Mandela had "departed" around 8.50pm local time and was at peace.

"This is the moment of our deepest sorrow," Zuma said. "Our nation has lost its greatest son ... What made Nelson Mandela great was precisely what made him human. We saw in him what we seek in ourselves.

"Fellow South Africans, Nelson Mandela brought us together and it is together that we will bid him farewell."

Zuma announced that Mandela would receive a state funeral and ordered that flags fly at half-mast.

Early on Friday morning Archbishop Desmond Tutu led a memorial service in Capetown where he called for South Africa to become as a nation what Mandela had been as a man.

Mandela's two youngest daughters were at the premiere of the biopic Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom in London last night. They received the news of their father's death during the screening in Leicester Square and immediately left the cinema.

Barack Obama led tributes from world leaders, referring to Mandela by his clan name - Madiba. The US president said: "Through his fierce dignity and unbending will to sacrifice his own freedom for the freedom of others, Madiba transformed South Africa - and moved all of us.

"His journey from a prisoner to a president embodied the promise that human beings - and countries - can change for the better. His commitment to transfer power and reconcile with those who jailed him set an example that all humanity should aspire to, whether in the lives of nations or our own personal lives."

David Cameron said: "A great light has gone out in the world" and described Mandela as "a hero of our time".

FW de Klerk - the South African president who freed Mandela, shared the Nobel peace prize with him and paved the way for him to become South Africa's first post-apartheid head of state - said the news was deeply saddening for South Africa and the world.

"He lived reconciliation. He was a great unifier," De Klerk said.

Throughout Thursday night and into Friday morning people gathered in the streets of South Africa to celebrate Mandela's life.

In Soweto people gathered to sing and dance near the house where he once lived. They formed a circle in the middle of Vilakazi Street and sang songs from the anti-apartheid struggle. Some people were draped in South African flags and the green, yellow and black colours of Mandela's party, the African National Congress.

"We have not seen Mandela in the place where he is, in the place where he is kept," they sang, a lyric anti-apartheid protesters had sung during Mandela's long incarceration.

Several hundred people took part in lively commemorations outside Mandela's final home in the Houghton neighbourhood of Johannesburg. A man blew on a vuvuzela horn and people made impromptu shrines with national flags, candles, flowers and photographs.

Mandela was taken to hospital in June with a recurring lung infection and slipped into a critical condition, but returned home in September where his bedroom was converted into an intensive care unit.

His death sends South Africa deep into mourning and self-reflection, nearly 20 years after he led the country from racial apartheid to inclusive democracy.

But his passing will also be keenly felt by people around the world who revered Mandela as one of history's last great statesmen, and a moral paragon comparable with Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Martin Luther King.

It was a transcendent act of forgiveness after spending 27 years in prison, 18 of them on Robben Island, that will assure his place in history. With South Africa facing possible civil war, Mandela sought reconciliation with the white minority to build a new democracy.

He led the African National Congress to victory in the country's first multiracial election in 1994. Unlike other African liberation leaders who cling to power, such as Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe, he then voluntarily stepped down after one term.

Mandela was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1993.

At his inauguration a year later, the new president said: "Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another ... the sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement. Let freedom reign. God bless Africa!"

Born Rolihlahla Dalibhunga in a small village in the Eastern Cape on 18 July 1918, Mandela was given his English name, Nelson, by a teacher at his school.

He joined the ANC in 1943 and became a co-founder of its youth league. In 1952, he started South Africa's first black law firm with his partner, Oliver Tambo.

Mandela was a charming, charismatic figure with a passion for boxing and an eye for women. He once said: "I can't help it if the ladies take note of me. I am not going to protest."

He married his first wife, Evelyn Mase, in 1944. They were divorced in 1957 after having three children. In 1958, he married Winnie Madikizela, who later campaigned to free her husband from jail and became a key figure in the struggle.

When the ANC was banned in 1960, Mandela went underground. After the Sharpeville massacre, in which 69 black protesters were shot dead by police, he took the difficult decision to launch an armed struggle. He was arrested and eventually charged with sabotage and attempting to overthrow the government.

Conducting his own defence in the Rivonia trial in 1964, he said: "I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.

"It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."

He escaped the death penalty but was sentenced to life in prison, a huge blow to the ANC that had to regroup to continue the struggle. But unrest grew in townships and international pressure on the apartheid regime slowly tightened.

Finally, in 1990, FW de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and Mandela was released from prison amid scenes of jubilation witnessed around the world.

In 1992, Mandela divorced Winnie after she was convicted on charges of kidnapping and accessory to assault.

His presidency rode a wave of tremendous global goodwill but was not without its difficulties. After leaving frontline politics in 1999, he admitted he should have moved sooner against the spread of HIV/Aids in South Africa.

His son died from an Aids-related illness. On his 80th birthday, Mandela married Graça Machel, the widow of the former president of Mozambique. It was his third marriage. In total, he had six children, of whom three daughters survive: Pumla Makaziwe (Maki), Zenani and Zindziswa (Zindzi). He has 17 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who headed the truth and reconciliation committee after the fall of apartheid, said: "He transcended race and class in his personal actions, through his warmth and through his willingness to listen and to emphasise with others. And he restored others' faith in Africa and Africans."

Mandela was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2001 and retired from public life to be with his family and enjoy some "quiet reflection". But he remained a beloved and venerated figure, with countless buildings, streets and squares named after him. His every move was scrutinised and his health was a constant source of media speculation.

Mandela continued to make occasional appearances at ANC events and attended the inauguration of the current president, Jacob Zuma. His 91st birthday was marked by the first annual "Mandela Day" in his honour.

He was last seen in public at the final of the 2010 World Cup in Johannesburg, a tournament he had helped bring to South Africa for the first time. Early in 2011, he was taken to hospital in a health scare but he recovered and was visited by Michelle Obama and her daughters a few months later.

In January 2012, he was notably missing from the ANC's centenary celebrations due to his frail condition. With other giants of the movement such as Tambo and Walter Sisulu having gone before Mandela, the defining chapter of Africa's oldest liberation movement is now closed.
Topics

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Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first black president, dies aged 95

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Nelson Mandela, the towering figure of Africa's struggle for freedom and a hero to millions around the world, has died at the age of 95. South Africa's first black president died in the company of his family at home in Johannesburg after years of declining health that had caused him to withdraw from public life.

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African history: milestones

1652-1700 : Dutch, French and German Protestants settle in the Cape of Good Hope.

1795 : The British conquer the colony.

1880-1881 : Boers (settlers of Dutch descent) rebel against the British, sparking the first Anglo-Boer

War. Conflict ends with a negotiated peace.

1899-1902 : Second Anglo-Boer War, lost by the Boers.

1912 : The ANC is founded.

1913 : The National Party is founded.

1948 : Policy of apartheid adopted when the National Party takes power.

1950 : The population is classified by race. The Communist Party is banned. The ANC responds

with a campaign of civil disobedience, led by Nelson Mandela.

1960 : Seventy black demonstrators killed at Sharpeville. The ANC is banned.

1961 : South Africa is declared a republic and is forced to leave the Commonwealth.

1960s : International pressure against the government begins; South Africa is excluded from

Olympic Games.

1962-1983 : The United Nations pass several resolutions condemning apartheid policies and isolating

South Africa internationally.

1964 : Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life in prison and sent to Robben Island.

1970s : More than three million black people are resettled by force in black homelands or Bantus

tans.

1976 : More than 600 killed in clashes between black protesters and security forces during an

uprising that starts in Soweto (South West Township), Johannesburg’s largest township.

1984-1989 : Township revolts. State of emergency is declared by the government led by President

Botha (National Party). At the same time, the government tries to negotiate a conditional

release with Mandela who rejects the conditions.

1985 : The governments of the United States and Great Britain as well as 23 other nations

impose strict selective economic sanctions on South Africa in protest of its racial policy.

1989 : Frederick de Klerk replaces Botha as president and meets Mandela. Public facilities are

desegregated. Many ANC activists are freed.

1990 : The ANC is unbanned and Mandela released after 27 years in prison.

1992 : Official end of apartheid.

April 26, 1994 : Blacks and Whites vote for the first time in a national election

May 1994 : Nelson Mandela becomes South Africa’s first black President.

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main information about Apartheid in S.A

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Before we can look at the history of the apartheid period it is necessary to understand what apartheid was and how it affected people.
What was apartheid?
Translated from the Afrikaans meaning 'apartness', apartheid was the ideology supported by the National Party (NP) government and was introduced in South Africa in 1948. Apartheid called for the separate development of the different racial groups in South Africa. On paper it appeared to call for equal development and freedom of cultural expression, but the way it was implemented made this impossible. Apartheid made laws forced the different racial groups to live separately and develop separately, and grossly unequally too. It tried to stop all inter-marriage and social integration between racial groups. During apartheid, to have a friendship with someone of a different race generally brought suspicion upon you, or worse. More than this, apartheid was a social system which severely disadvantaged the majority of the population, simply because they did not share the skin colour of the rulers. Many were kept just above destitution because they were 'non-white'.

In basic principles, apartheid did not differ that much from the policy of segregation of the South African governments existing before the Afrikaner Nationalist Party came to power in 1948. The main difference is that apartheid made segregation part of the law. Apartheid cruelly and forcibly separated people, and had a fearsome state apparatus to punish those who disagreed. Another reason why apartheid was seen as much worse than segregation, was that apartheid was introduced in a period when other countries were moving away from racist policies. Before World War Two the Western world was not as critical of racial discrimination, and Africa was colonized in this period. The Second World War highlighted the problems of racism, making the world turn away from such policies and encouraging demands for decolonization. It was during this period that South Africa introduced the more rigid racial policy of apartheid.

People often wonder why such a policy was introduced and why it had so much support. Various reasons can be given for apartheid, although they are all closely linked. The main reasons lie in ideas of racial superiority and fear. Across the world, racism is influenced by the idea that one race must be superior to another. Such ideas are found in all population groups. The other main reason for apartheid was fear, as in South Africa the white people are in the minority, and many were worried they would lose their jobs, culture and language. This is obviously not a justification for apartheid, but explains how people were thinking.
Apartheid Laws
Numerous laws were passed in the creation of the apartheid state. Here are a few of the pillars on which it rested:

Population Registration Act, 1950 This Act demanded that people be registered according to their racial group. This meant that the Department of Home affairs would have a record of people according to whether they were white, coloured, black, Indian or Asian. People would then be treated differently according to their population group, and so this law formed the basis of apartheid. It was however not always that easy to decide what racial group a person was part of, and this caused some problems.

Group Areas Act, 1950 This was the act that started physical separation between races, especially in urban areas. The act also called for the removal of some groups of people into areas set aside for their racial group.

Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, 1959 This Act said that different racial groups had to live in different areas. Only a small percentage of South Africa was left for black people (who comprised the vast majority) to form their 'homelands'. This Act also got rid of 'black spots' inside white areas, by moving all black people out of the city. Well known removals were those in District 6, Sophiatown and Lady Selborne. These black people were then placed in townships outside of the town. They could not own property here, only rent it, as the land could only be white owned. This Act caused much hardship and resentment. People lost their homes, were moved off land they had owned for many years and were moved to undeveloped areas far away from their place of work.

Some other important laws were the:

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949
Immorality Amendment Act, 1950
Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951
Resistance before 1960
Resistance to apartheid came from all circles, and not only, as is often presumed, from those who suffered the negative effects of discrimination. Criticism also came from other countries, and some of these gave support to the South African freedom movements.

Some of the most important organizations involved in the struggle for liberation were the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) and the United Democratic Front (UDF). There were also Indian and Coloured organized resistance movements (e.g. the Natal Indian Congress (NIC), the Coloured People's Organisation), white organized groups (e.g. the radical Armed Resistance Movement (ARM), and Black Sash) and church based groups (the Christian Institute). We shall consider the ANC.
The ANC
The ANC was formed in Bloemfontein in 1912, soon after the Union of South Africa. Originally it was called the South African Native National Congress (SANNC). It was started as a movement for the Black elite, that is those Blacks who were educated. In 1919, the ANC sent a deputation to London to plead for a new deal for South African blacks, but there was no change to their position.

The history of resistance by the ANC goes through three phases. The first was dialogue and petition; the second direct opposition and the last the period of exiled armed struggle. In 1949, just after apartheid was introduced, the ANC started on a more militant path, with the Youth League playing a more important role. The ANC introduced their Programme of Action in 1949, supporting strike action, protests and other forms of non-violent resistance. Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu started to play an important role in the ANC in this period. In 1952 the ANC started the Defiance Campaign. This campaign called on people to purposefully break apartheid laws and offer themselves for arrest. It was hoped that the increase in prisoners would cause the system to collapse and get international support for the ANC. Black people got onto 'white buses', used 'white toilets', entered into 'white areas' and refused to use passes. Despite 8 000 people ending up in jail, the ANC caused no threat to the apartheid regime.

The ANC continued along the same path during the rest of the 1950s, until in 1959 some members broke away and formed the PAC. These members wanted to follow a more violent and militant route, and felt that success could not be reached through the ANC's method.

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Before we can look at the history of the apartheid period it is necessary to understand what apartheid was and how it affected people. What was apartheid? Translated from the Afrikaans meaning 'apartness', apartheid was the ideology supported by the National Party (NP) government and was introduced in South Africa in 1948.

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President Obama's speech on the day of Mandela's death

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President Obama's speech on the day of Mandela's death

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President Obama Speaks on the Death of Nelson Mandela

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English News Lessons: Free 26-Page lesson plan / 2-page mini-lesson - Nelson Mandela - Handouts, online activities, speed reading, dictation, mp3... current events.

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WISHES AND REGRETS

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His Day is Done - A Tribute Poem for Nelson Mandela by Dr. Maya Angelou

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(18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013) "was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election.