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The Peace of Augsburg is signed

Cause: The Peace of Augsburg doesn't recognize Calvinism
Effect: Religious disputes continue in Germany

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Charles V. Philip begins to reign the kingdoms of Milan, Naples, Sicily, the Netherlands, and Spain that Philip II would inherit

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Elizabeth Tudor ascends the English Throne

Cause: Elizabeth ascends the throne
Effect: She repeals laws favoring Catholics

This is also influential to modern history. Elizabeth kept Spain and France equal in power by always supporting the weaker nation. Elizabeth didn't want one nation becoming too powerful and declaring war against England.

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The French Wars of Religion happens, with religious conflicts at the center of the wars between the Catholics and the Huguenots

This is an example of a religious revolution. The French Wars of Religion ended Henry IV became king in 1594. He solved the conflict by issuing the Edict of Nantes in 1598. It declared Catholicism as France's official religion and gave the Huguenots the right to worship and hold public offices

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Philip sends 10,000 troops to crush the rebellion in the Netherlands

Cause: Philip sends 10,000 to the Netherlands to crush the rebellion
Effect: The war continued until 1609 when a 12-year truce ends the war

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Spain, Led by Philip, defeated the Turks and the Battle of Lepanto

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Lope de Vega writes about 1,500 plays, but only 500 survived

This is an example of a cultural revolution. Vega's plays are thought to be "witty, charming, action-packed, and realistic." He set the standard for other playwrights in the 1580s. He is considered as one of the best playwrights of all-time

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Philip II makes preparations to send an armada to invade England

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Henry of Navarre, the Huguenot political leader, succeeds to the throne known as Henry IV

Cause: As a Protestant, he realizes that he wouldn't be accepted by Catholic France
Effect: He converts to Catholicism

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Shakespeare appears in London and has success in the theater

This is influential on modern history. Shakespeare, a "complete man of the theater," is viewed as a universal genius. He brought many words into everyday language. He wrote over 150 sonnets. He was interested in human psychology. His plays are still performed today.

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Philip's reign ends
Henry IV issues the Edict of Nantes, recognizing Catholicism as France's official religion
Ivan's dynasty ends and the Time of Troubles occur

Cause: Henry IV issues the Edict of Nantes
Effect: Huguenots have the right to worship and can hold public offices

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Page: The Core Curriculum - The Core Curriculum is the heart of the Columbia College education. Its central intellectual mission is to provide all students with wide-ranging perspectives, a deeper understanding of history, and critical and creative thinking skills through the study of literature, science, philosophy, music, and art.

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Calvinism spreads through Europe

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An economic slowdown begins in parts of Europe
Europe's population increases from 60 million to 85 million

This is an example of an economic revolution. Spain was falling because of its lack of imported silver. Spain's mines were producing less silver. Its fleets were victims of pirate attacks. Muslim and Jewish artisans and merchants hurt the economy.

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Queen Elizabeth dies and the Tudor dynasty ends

This is an example of a social revolution. James I was the ruler after Elizabeth's death. James believed to have strong defense and the Church of England. Puritans, Protestants in England that were inspired by Calvinist ideas, did not like that and wanted to make the Church more Protestant. It would eventually lead to a civil war in England

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Michael Romanov is chosen as the new czar (Russian for caesar)

Cause: Romanov becomes the new czar
Effect: The Time of Troubles ends

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Artemisia Gentileschi moves to Florence, Italy and begins a successful painting career

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The Thirty Years' War happens between the Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors and Protestant nobles in Bohemia

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Parliament passes a Petition of Right, limiting the king's ability to tax, place people in prison for no reason, quarter troops, and institute martial law

Cause: The Petition of Right limits Charles' power
Effect: Charles later ignores it

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Spain's economy, which depends of imported silver, is failing

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England has a civil war between the Royalists, or Cavaliers, and the parliamentary forces, or the Roundheads. The Roundheads won thanks to Oliver Cromwell

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The Rump Parliament executes Charles I

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Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan trying to deal with the problem of disorder

Cause: Hobbes is alarmed by England's revolutionary upheavals
Effect: He publishes Leviathan in order to deal with disorder

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Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England during the Commonwealth, dies

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The army restores the monarchy under Charles II, son of Charles I

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Cardinal Mazarin dies and Louis XIV takes over all power

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Austria takes control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia

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James II becomes king because Charles II never had a son

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William of Orange prepares to invade England

This is an example of a political revolution. English nobles invited William to invade England because they wanted a change. In the end, England underwent a "Glorious Revolution." William and his wife Mary became Monarchs of England and accepted a Petition of Right

This is also influential on modern history. Before William was monarch, Puritans didn't have the right of free public worship. That changed under William's rule. William would help Parliament prove to be real rulers in the English system of constitutional monarchy.

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James II and his second wife have a son

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William's forces land at Torbay and march toward London

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Parliament offers the throne to William and Mary, and they accept it

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The Toleration Act of 1689 grants Puritans the right of free public worship

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Peter the Great becomes czar

This is influential on modern history. He borrowed European technology to westernize Russia. He made the army and the navy stronger. Peter employed many new officers. He hired peasants to build an even stronger army. By his death in 1725, Russia was very powerful and very important.

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The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and gives Sweden, France, and their allies new territories.

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John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Government arguing against absolute power of one person

This is influential to modern history. His ideas are found in both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. His ideas  are used to support demands for constitutional government, rule of law, and protection of rights.

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Frederick William's son Frederick becomes king

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Louis XIV wages four wars

Cause: Louis wants benefit the Sun King and wants his Bourbon dynasty to dominate Europe
Effect: He wages four wars

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Peter the Great begins construction of St. Petersburg

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The population begins to decline in central and southern Europe
The practice of witchcraft starts to decline

Cause: Warfare, plague, and famine are all common in central and southern Europe
Effect: The population declines

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The Sun King, dies at the age of 76

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Peter dies and Russia is a great military power