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https://www.google.com/
https://rebeccacustis.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/0/1/22014596/unit_7_ch._22.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.history.com/
SS Notebook
Packets from SS Class

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This video is about the Battle of Antietam in the civil War. It tells the strategies of each side and shares the unbelievable number of deaths from what was recorded. It also talks about how Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, and how it effected the both sides during the war.

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Battle of Antietam Exclusive Videos & Features - HISTORY.com

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Check out exclusive Battle of Antietam videos and features. Browse the latest Battle of Antietam videos and more on HISTORY.com.

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This video is a short Crash Course, talking about the 1800s Reform movements. The video showed how bad some conditions were back then and how many protestants went to take a stand for the condition. The video also talks about Slavery towards the end, and how Frederick Douglas and the novel Uncle Toms Cabin played a huge role in the situation.

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19th Century Reforms: Crash Course US History #15

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The Appomattox Courthouse was not an actual courthouse, but it was the town in which the Confederacy surrendered in. As the result of a long fought Civil War, the Confederacy was finally surrounded by Union forces at the battle of Petersburg on April 1st 1865. On April 9th 1865, General Lee arrived at Wilmer McLean's house in the village of Appomattox Courthouse. He was there to surrender to General Grant and the Union forces. Grants terms of surrender were quite generous. Confederate Soldiers could go home if they promised not to fight anymore, they could take horses or mules home with them, officers could keep their weapons with them, and the Confederate Army was sent home with food. Lee agreed to General Grants terms and returned home to the South. Union troops were happy and celebrated their victory of the Civil War. The Civil war was finally over and Slavery was abolished. Soon the Union was restored and argument over Slavery had passed.The picture below shows General Lee signing the papers to say that the Confederate Army surrendered the Civil War. The officers in the blue are from the Union, and the officers in the gray are from the Confederate Army.

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Vincent Bernard est historien spécialisé sur les questions militaires. Après une biographie du général Lee, il publie à nouveau chez Perrin une biographie de son rival du Nord le général Grant qui après avoir commandé les armées de l'Union deviendra président des Etats-Unis (1869-1877). Il répond à nos questions sur cet homme et sur la Guerre de sécession à la mémoire toujours à vif outre-Atlantique. PHILITT : Né dans l'Ohio, Le général Grant est un homme de l'Ouest américain marié à une femme du Sud. Ces ancrages géographiques aident-ils à comprendre ses futurs succès militaires et politiques ?
Vincent Bernard : On pourrait au contraire s'interroger sur ses étonnants succès en dépit de ces ancrages. Grant gravit les échelons pendant la guerre de Sécession malgré une réputation ternie tant au plan civil que militaire. Malgré une réputation de démocrate lié à une famille de planteurs du Missouri, il " monte " paradoxalement avec le soutien indéfectible d'un représentant, d'un ministre et d'un président républicain. Qu'un tel homme ait été l'héritier politique " naturel " de Lincoln tient aux circonstances ; mais cela illustre en fait parfaitement la complexité du pays au delà de la vision monolithique en deux " blocs " figés, et le destin extraordinaire et quasi romanesque de Grant, dans un contexte qui n'apparaît vraiment pas favorable. Ce qu'il partage avec Lincoln, lui aussi né dans un état " tiraillé " (le Kentucky) et lui-aussi époux d'une " sudiste ", c'est un sens aigu de la Nation américaine en un temps où c'est loin d'être une évidence pour tout le monde. Tout comme Lincoln, Grant n'est pas dans une logique radicale de vengeance ou de répression du Sud mais bien dans une logique de réconciliation générale.
La Guerre entre le Nord et le Sud éclate en novembre 1860. Ce conflit est-il une guerre de libération des esclaves ou est-ce une légende forgée a posteriori ?
Ce n'est pas tant une légende qu'un grossier raccourci dédouanant facilement un Nord perçu comme " émancipateur " tout en faisant peser tout le poids " national " de l'esclavage sur les quatre années de rébellion du Sud. Ce qu'amorce l'élection de Lincoln en novembre 1860, c'est un processus de rupture en chaîne qui mène, après cinq longs mois de crise politique, à la guerre ouverte. La centralité de la question de l'esclavage dans cette rupture est incontestable, dès le début, car elle est dans toutes les têtes, comme toile de fond politique et source permanente de conflits. En dépit de tous les arguments, il s'agit là de l'élément structurel cimentant une société et une économie sudiste par ailleurs très hétérogènes. C'est donc pour beaucoup la " menace " supposée du Nord sur " l'institution particulière ", via son poids démographique et le contrôle des institutions politiques, qui conduit à la sécession. Pour autant, l'abolition de l'esclavage n'est à l'origine pas du tout envisagée, ne serait-ce qu'en termes de droit, sauf pour une minorité de Républicains radicaux qui l'espèrent. En mars 1861, le Congrès est même prêt à protéger constitutionnellement l'esclavage pour arrêter la sécession ou éviter qu'elle ne s'étende (C'est l'amendement Corwin). L'abolition n'intervient que progressivement comme un objectif de guerre, à partir de 1862, en s'appuyant sur le rôle des esclaves dans l'effort de guerre des " rebelles ". Comme Grant le soulignera très justement, si la guerre avait été courte comme chacun l'espérait à l'origine, l'esclavage aurait perduré, et avec lui les germes d'une nouvelle sécession.
Sans une supériorité numérique écrasante, Grant aurait-il pu s'imposer face au génie tactique du général Lee ?
Question éternellement sans réponse et les avis divergent dans une compétition historiographique et mémorielle cent-cinquantenaire. Grant, qui opère en territoire ennemi et doit donc assurer ses arrières ne dispose pas tant d'une supériorité numérique écrasante que de la capacité de reconstituer ses forces détruites (même si le bilan épouvante le Nord) ainsi que ses stocks de vivres et de matériel, tout en disposant de lignes de communications navales et fluviales assurés. C'est un professionnel tout à fait compétent, incroyablement obstiné et possédant des nerfs d'acier, il le prouve abondamment. Sans doute n'a t-il pas le même " coup d'oeil " tactique ou le sens de l'anticipation dont fait généralement montre Lee, ni d'ailleurs la même relation quasi fusionnelle à ses troupes. On peut imaginer assez aisément que si les rôles et les moyens avaient été inversés, Lee aurait eu le dessus lors du grand duel virginien de 1864. Mais au delà, qui aurait empêché Sherman de prendre Atlanta et de ravager le Sud profond ?
Est-ce une autre civilisation, celle du Sud, que vaincra définitivement Grant à Appomatox ?
Là encore la question est complexe et mérite de nombreuses nuances. Nonobstant l'écrasante institution de l'esclavage, Sud et Nord partagent en 1861 bien des choses, des intérêts et des souvenirs communs, comme en témoignent les profonds tiraillements internes au sein des " border states ". De fait quatre états esclavagistes ne rejoignent pas la Confédération et de nombreuses régions sont très partagées. Mais la structure socio-économique propre au Sud, un moment déclinante voire moribonde mais ravivée par l'explosion du " Roi Coton " et son corollaire, une forte demande de main d'oeuvre servile, a renforcé les traits propres à une proto-nation distincte en gestation. Pour autant, la " civilisation sudiste " a été aussi beaucoup fantasmée au travers d'une image figée qui correspond surtout à l'aristocratie agrarienne de Virginie ou de Caroline du Sud, avec ses maisons à colonnades et ses jardins en fleur. Tout cela n'a guère à voir avec les plaines texanes, les marais de Floride ou les profondes forêts de l'Arkansas. On n'oubliera pas que l'attachement affiché au " droit des états " est un marqueur fort de la Confédération, tout comme une cause essentielle de son échec à coordonner un effort commun. En réalité et paradoxalement, le Sud mémoriel s'est en grande partie forgé du fait de la guerre et de ses conséquences, sociales, politiques et économiques, communes.
La guerre de sécession est-elle la première guerre moderne ? La bataille de Spotsylvania annonce-t-elle déjà celle de Verdun ?
Première guerre moderne oui, au sens où, au delà de la simple innovation technique, on a pour la première fois à une échelle continentale un conflit ininterrompu de quatre ans où sont mis en œuvres tous les moyens rendus disponibles par les progrès de l'industrialisation. Il ne s'agit pas seulement d'utiliser des armements modernes et puissants - fusils et canons rayés, navires cuirassés de fer, télégraphe, chemin de fer, et même premiers sous-marins et mitrailleuses - mais de créer des circuits de production et de ravitaillement pour des armées de centaines de milliers d'hommes et de faire basculer l'essentiel de la société sur un pied de guerre (de façon proportionnellement beaucoup plus complète au Sud qu'au Nord). Alors si l'on garde en tête les proportions, oui, Spotsylvania, comme plus tard de Cold Harbor ou Petersburg, avec leurs fortifications incroyablement élaborées, préfigurent déjà ce que seront les champs de bataille de la Première guerre mondiale. Une différence fondamentale est qu'en 1916, la puissance d'arrêt des armes automatiques et la puissance de l'artillerie seront démultipliées, de même que les bilans. Pendant la guerre de Sécession, on meurt encore beaucoup plus de maladie entre deux batailles dans les camps et hôpitaux de campagne, que du fait des combats eux-mêmes.
Le bilan du général Grant en tant que président après la guerre fut très critiqué. Brillant général, peut on dire qu'il fut un médiocre politique durant la Reconstruction ?
Médiocre politique, oui, par caractère surtout, et en tout cas largement inefficace. Son autoritarisme, son aveuglement, et une certaine fascination de l'ancien pauvre pour les " capitaines d'industrie " jusqu'aux plus malhonnêtes ont des effets catastrophiques, y compris sur le plan économique. Grant est en outre très loin d'avoir le sens de la manœuvre politique, la patience ou la diplomatie de Lincoln. Il cultive quelques idées directrices simples, et pense pouvoir les appliquer comme on ordonne un plan de bataille. Reste que des yeux contemporains observent cependant un volontarisme d'une modernité étonnante et assez singulière pour son époque : il a combattu le KKK, tenté d'intégrer les noirs dans la citoyenneté et cherché sincèrement à réconcilier le pays.
En 1975, le président Ford réhabilitait le général Lee à titre posthume. Aujourd'hui alors qu'on déboulonne les statues des généraux sudistes, cela paraîtrait inimaginable. Comment la mémoire de la guerre de sécession est-elle devenue un sujet si sensible aux Etats Unis ?

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Vincent Bernard : " Grant n'est pas dans une logique de vengeance contre le Sud " | PHILITT

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Vincent Bernard est historien spécialisé sur les questions militaires. Après une biographie du général Lee, il publie à nouveau chez Perrin une biographie de son rival du Nord le général Grant qui après avoir commandé les armées de l'Union deviendra président des Etats-Unis (1869-1877).

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The Battle of Gettysburg would end up as one of the most devastating battles in the History of America. In the summer of 1863 Lee decided to risk another invasion on the North. General Lees plan was to capture a northern city and help convince them to seek peace. Union and Confederate Troops met in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 1st 1863. The Union stood strong with about 90,000 troops and the Confederate army consisted of about 75,000 troops. The next day, Confederate troops tried to find weak spots in the Unions positions. The Union line ended up staying firm and held off the Confederate Army for a while. On the third day of attacks, Lee ordered an all out attack on the Union line, but they were stopped by cannons, which filled the air with smoke. George Picket tried to lead a second group of about 15,000 Confederate troops, trying to stop the two forces. As the Confederate forces kept pushing, they were shot down by lines of Union troops. The Confederate troops that did make it to Cemetery Ridge were killed by the Union soldiers hand to hand combat. Even though Gettysburg was a victory for the Union, there was a ridiculous amount of deaths from each side. More than 17,500 Union and 23,000 Confederate soldiers died as a result of the battle. Lee left the battle while missing about a third of his army. as a result of this battle, General Lee and the Confederacy would only fight a defensive battle from now on. The picture below is a drawing of President Lincoln giving his famous speech, known as the Gettysburg Address. Lincoln gave this speech as a result of the Battle of Gettysburg, and to honor all the soldiers that died to make America a better country.

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The Battler of Antietam was one of the earlier fought battles of the civil War. Robert E Lees plan was to send his troops up to Maryland, which was a slave state in the Union and convince them to join the Confederacy. Lee also hoped that a confederate win on Northern soil would help their chances of getting help from European nations. On a September day in 1862, Union and Confederate troops met along Antietam Creek. Union troops pounded the low numbered Confederate army all day, until finally General Lee decided to retreat to Virginia. General McClellan of the Union saw this battle as a victory of the North, but others from both sides saw this as a win for neither side. By the end of this battle, more troops had died from either side than in the entire War of 1812 and Mexican American War combined. The Battle of Antietam would go down as one of the bloodiest battles in the entire war. The large numbers of deaths from this battle made people realize just how more improved the new weapons were from previous wars. The picture below is a drawing of the Battle of Antietam. You can see the Flags of the Union and the dead soldiers on the ground in front of them from the confederacy.

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As a result of all the previous events war broke out between the North and the South, or the Union and the Confederacy. During the war, both the North and the South had strengths and weaknesses. Some of the Strengths of the North were that they had 22 million in population, they had more farms to provide troops with food, and they controlled the seas and its 21,000 miles of railroad to transport supplies. Even though the odds seemed to already be in the Norths favor, they did have some weak points too. The North didn't have good military leadership, many of the officers they had resigned and went back home, and most of the battles were fought in the South. As for the South, they had there set of strengths and weaknesses too. Some of the Strengths of the south were that they had good military leadership, they had better trained soldiers, and they had to fight a defensive war. But, along with strengths came many weaknesses. The South had a terrible transportation system, fewer factories produced fewer weapons, and their were a lack of materials such as food. As the war went on, Lincoln decided to change the main goal of the Union to abolishing Slavery. Lincoln decided that abolishing Slavery would help the Union, because any other European Nation wold never help the side who was against abolishing Slavery. So, Lincoln issued an order known as the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in Confederate states. The South didn't think much about the decision since they weren't listening to Abraham Lincoln, but this reflected the fact that all men were created equal as stated in the Declaration of Independence. This finally allowed slaves to be free, if they could escape from under their masters power By the end of the war many free African Americans had joined the war as soldiers for the Union, to fight for their freedom. After the huge Battle of Gettysburg more than 40,000 troops had died. As a result, Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg to give a speech honoring all of the Men that fought and died there for the freedom of which the Nation was made on. The speech would later be known as the Gettysburg Address, and it would inspire people all over the newer Country to help restore a nation of freedom that these very soldiers died for. As the war carried on, it became harder and harder to known which side was going to win. General Lee of the South believed in the idea of total war, which was how he thought the war should be settled. Total War meant that there would be one last battle, that would not be stopped under any circumstance until one side was left standing. General Lee wanted to use this strategy because his army was stuck in the North, and the South was trying to take control of Virginia. Only one more battle would be fought until the end of the Civil War, when the Confederacy surrendered to the Union. The picture below shows the two flags of the Confederacy and the Union. As the confederate states broke away from the Union they made their own flag, which they used to represent them.

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The election of 1850 showed just how divided the nation was. The Republicans were for Lincoln and the Democrats were split between two different candidates. The northern Democrats voted for Stephen A Douglas and the southern Democrats voted for John C Breckenridge. Later on in the election a group called the Constitutional Union Party voted John Bell, who was from Tennessee. With the Democrat party being split, Lincoln easily won the election. southerners began to fear that Slavery would be abolished by Congress, since Lincoln was President. Lincoln was against Slavery and thought that it only tor the Union apart. In the weeks after the election there was talk of the South seceding from the Union. alarmed Senate members gathered together to come up with another compromise to keep the south from seceding. When Lincoln was asked to sign the compromise, he refused and said that he would not interfere with the laws of Slavery, but he also would not let it spread out West. Meanwhile people in the south gathered and not long after the meeting South Carolina announced that they had just left the Union. Southerners were going crazy, and not long after six more southern states seceded from the Union too. This group of southern states would later be known as the Confederate States of America. Lincoln did not belief in secession and thought that it was wrong and unconstitutional. Lincoln then tried to peacefully get the states to return back to the Union, but the southern states didn't listen. Then Lincoln said that the only thing left was a Civil War and that one was coming. All the events between the North and the South, and Slavery before this had lead up to the Civil War. The picture below shows the number of electoral votes each President won. As you can see, Lincoln won all of the states in red which was more states than any other president won.

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Us Map Prior To Civil War 1200px Electoralcollege1860 Svg, you can see Us Map Prior To Civil War 1200px Electoralcollege1860 Svg and Get Download Picture 23395 end more at thempfa.org.

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The Dred Scott decision was the first Slavery case that had ever been brought to the Supreme Court. Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri who went to the free state of Wisconsin with his slave owner. When he went back to the slave state of Missouri, he went to court to argue that he was a free man. Chief Justice Taney hoped that this case would settle the controversy over Slavery once and for all. The only problem was that two questions needed to be answered. The two questions were was the Missouri Compromise still constitutional, and did Congress have the power to settle laws over Slavery. Finally Chief Justice Taney opened the Dred Scott Decision, but it didn't go as planned. With a four to five vote, the Judges voted that a slave could not sue for his freedom. He couldn't sue because one, he wasn't a citizen and two no African Americans were citizens. Chief Taney also rejected Scott's case, because the Missouri Compromise was no longer constitutional. The Dred Scott Decision made many southerners happy, because the case stated that slaves are property, and property cannot be taken from people without the due process of law. On the other hand, northerners outraged by the courts decision and called the Case unfair and a misjudgment. The picture below is probably what the newspapers would have said after the court made their decision. It says that angry crowds protested the decision, which would have most likely been angry people from the North.

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Uncle Toms Cabin is a novel that was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It all started out as a vision while she was in a church. Immediately she ran home an began writing until finally it got published. But, before it got published it was released in many abolition newspapers. It was about a older slave, Tom who had been whipped to death by his master. The novel showed the hardships of Slavery, and how badly many of the slaves were treated. The Novel allowed people in the North to finally understand what Slavery was actually like. Once northerners found out all of the gruesome stuff that the slave owners did to the slaves, they were infuriated. As for the South, they were mad at the Harriet Beecher Stowe for writing it, and the image that it displayed on Slavery. The picture below is a more updated cover of the book Uncle Toms Cabin. The cover shows a smaller shack made out of wood, and the gate is open almost welcoming you into the life of a slave.

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A document known as Ostend Manifesto was sent to three American diplomats. The document sent from the diplomats told the government to seize Cuba, since Cuba had rejected President Franklin Pierces offer. When Northerners found out about what Pierce was trying to do, they got mad and thought that he was only trying to add another slave state. Earlier that year, Stephen A Douglas introduced a bill to Congress saying that he wanted a railroad to be built leading to California. Before the railroad was built, Douglas thought that it would be a good idea to split the Great Plains into two new territories. According to the Missouri Compromise any territory above the 36'30' latitude line, Slavery was not allowed. Southerners in Congress agreed, as long as some changes would be made to the finalized act. Once finalized, it later became known as The Kansas Nebraska Act. It created two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska and it also abolished the previously made Missouri Compromise. Now it was up to the settlers to vote on weather or not the new territories should allow Slavery. Stephen A Douglas called this popular sovereignty, where the people got the choice. Many northerners were not to happy at this decision, since they could already see the horrors of Slavery spreading out West. After the Act was passed, lots of settlers began to go to this new territories, especially Kansas. Lots of settlers were just looking for farmland, but some settlers went to Kansas to either oppose of spread the idea of Slavery. Soon there were two competing governments in one territory, one pro Slavery and one against. Before long the fight turned violent, and Slavery was the cause. People from the South planned an attack Lawrence Kansas, a city home of a antislavery government. After the Raid, many people up North angry at what had happened, payed back all of the damages and bough new printing presses to replace the destroyed ones. The attack would later be known as Bleeding Kansas. Not long after, a fired up northern named John Brown got his sons together and planned an attack. Brown and his followers invaded the pro slavery town of Pottawatomie Kansas, and ended up beating several men right outside of their homes. Soon violence in Congress arose as Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner half to death on the Senate floor. Preston Brooks attacked him because of the speech Sumner gave about the events that had been happening in Kansas, and the way he blamed it on the hateful embrace of Slavery. Preston was a representative from South Carolina who came to defend his people and his uncle, senator Butler. The reactions from the two sides showed how divided the nation was. Many people from the South applauded Brooks, while northerners viewed what had happened as another example of the South violence. The picture below shows northerners and southerners holding weapons up at each other. It also shows how split Kansas was, by showing people from each side fighting for what they believed.

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After the creating the Missouri Compromise, Henry Clay thought that he had come up with a better compromise that would make everyone happy. The new Compromise was the Compromise of 1850, and the whole reason of making it was to please the entire Union. The Compromise of 1850 admitted California into the Union as a free state, and allowed the New Mexico and Utah territories to decide weather they should allow Slavery or not. Clay thought that admitting California as a free state would make northerners happy, and letting the New Mexico and Utah territories vote on if they should hold Slavery would make southerners happy. The Compromise also said that there should be no more slave trading in Washington D.C, in order to make the Fugitive Slave Act stronger. After debating the compromise for nine tiring months, Congress decided to pass the Compromise of 1850. After the compromise was passed, Henry clay and Daniel Webster hoped that the new compromise would quiet down the issue of Slavery. As a result, the compromise made almost no one happy, and made the debate of Slavery get louder and louder each year. Before long, many people were back arguing about the Fugitive Slave Act. Northerners were angry and didn't want to enforce the act, because the act only put them farther away from abolishing Slavery. On the other side, many southerners were unhappy with the act too, because they thought that it didn't do enough to ensure the return of their escaped property. The Fugitive Slave Act basically stated that runaway slaves had no rights, and they could be caught and sent back to their owners in the South. There were people from the South called slave catchers, who traveled up North to capture any runaway slaves and take them back to the South. Many northerners disliked slave catchers and refused to help by not following the act, which made the South extremely angry. As a result of the Compromise of 1850, tensions on Slavery only grew making the North and South more angry at each other than ever before. The picture below is a drawing representing The Fugitive Slave Act, which the Compromise of 1850 had a huge impact on. You can see the slave catchers capturing the black man who might have even been free.

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CALIFORNIA - MEXICO STUDIES CENTER, Inc.

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Last week, Libby Schaaf, mayor of Oakland, took the logic of so-called sanctuary cities and states one step further by warning that Immigration and Customs Enforcement had planned a raid on immigrants in the country illegally. Over the weekend, roughly 150 immigrants were apprehended in Northern California.

Predictably, the backlash from Trump supporters, immigrant haters and ICE authorities has been intense. Was Schaaf impeding law enforcement? What was she thinking?. It was probably a good deal like what the leaders of pre-Civil War Northern cities and states were thinking when they resisted the federal government's efforts to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act, which a Southern-dominated Congress had enacted in 1850.

In case you don't remember your U.S. history: An 1842 court ruling absolved states of any duty to cooperate in the recapture of former slaves who'd freed themselves by fleeing to the North.

In response, as part of the Compromise of 1850, the Congress passed and President Millard Fillmore signed the Fugitive Slave Act, which not only required state and local governmental officials to aid owners and their agents who'd come North to capture and re-enslave the runaways, but also required the same level of cooperation from all citizens. If a slaver was in the act of recapture, bystanders were required to help out.

Not surprisingly, the North greeted the new law with fury and resistance. Vermont, Maine, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Michigan and Wisconsin all enacted "personal liberty laws" - the 1850s equivalent of California's sanctuary state law - forbidding public officials from cooperating with the slave owners or the federal forces sent to back them up, denying the use of their jails to house the captives, and requiring jury trials to decide if the owners could make off with their abductees.

The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that the Fugitive Slave Act violated the Constitution's 10th Amendment, which gave states the power to enact laws not specifically preempted by federal authority. (The Southern-dominated U.S. Supreme Court overturned that ruling on the eve of the Civil War).

Opponents of the Fugitive Slave Act also took to the streets (and jury rooms, where verdicts were rendered that freed some of the captives). Crowds would form to oppose and resist, sometimes forcibly, the apprehensions of African Americans.

According to H. Robert Baker, a historian at Georgia State University, "Whole sections of Milwaukee, Chicago, New York City and Boston became no-go zones for slave catchers." Confronted with this level of resistance, Fillmore sent in federal troops to assist and protect the slave catchers.

History doesn't repeat itself, but in our dispute over immigrants in the country illegally and our predecessors' dispute over fugitive slaves, it takes no leap of logic or imagination to find the rhymes. Now, as then, one part of the country (President Trump's disproportionately rural, white nationalist base) has enlisted federal power to enforce a legal regime in a different part of the country (racially diverse, immigrant-heavy cities) that views the law as morally repulsive and destructive of the social fabric.

Just as the slave catchers argued, speciously, that freed Negroes imperiled the antebellum North, today's anti-immigrant forces, beginning with Trump, argue that immigrants pose a threat to public safety, though crime has fallen precipitously during the past quarter-century.

The only "crime" that most undocumented immigrants have committed - and the only one that places them in federal legal jeopardy - is that of being undocumented. Likewise, the only "crime" that most escaped slaves had committed - and the only one that placed them in federal legal jeopardy - was escaping.

And in yet another rhyme, cities and states are fighting back. Police are enjoined from cooperating with ICE. Citizens groups have formed rapid response teams to support apprehended immigrants and, when they have reason to believe raids are imminent, send out a warning - as Schaaf did last week. But there's still more that our citizen bystanders can do, including peaceful, obstructive civil disobedient sit-ins at ICE offices.

The right kind of confrontation may even give some ICE agents second thoughts about their mission. After all, if the Trump roundup persists, they're likely to join the troops who enforced the Fugitive Slave Act in history's moral dustbin.

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There are echoes of the Fugitive Slave Act in today's immigration debate

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Last week, Libby Schaaf, mayor of Oakland, took the logic of so-called sanctuary cities and states one step further by warning that Immigration and Customs Enforcement had planned a raid on immigrants in the country illegally. Over the weekend, roughly 150 immigrants were apprehended in Northern California.

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Before the Missouri Compromise was made, congress struggled finding a way to admit Missouri as a state in the union. Many southerners were afraid that if congress were able to end Slavery in Missouri, than they would do it to other states too. On the other side, if Missouri was admitted as a free state than the north would have more members in the House of Representatives and in the Senate. This would give the North a better chance to abolish Slavery completely, which many southerners feared. Rather than let the Union break up, Congress agreed to the two part agreement, The Missouri Compromise. The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state, and Maine as a free state. To go along with this congress drew an imaginary line across the Louisiana Purchase at latitude 36'30'. North of this line, slavery was banned except in Missouri and south of the line slave holding was allowed. As a result, the compromise kept the Union together, but it pleased few people. Soon the compromise unravels when a powerful force known as the Second Great Awakening happened. This religious revival helped people realized that it was the Lords work to abolish Slavery. After a while of northerners making Anti-Slavery petitions, Congress set aside all petitions making abolitionists angry.  The "Gag rule" prevented the consideration of Anti-Slavery petitions. Congresses decision of not allowing northerners to argue about Slavery did not stop the North from arguing or attacking the South. Soon, southern states placed movement laws on slaves and on of the laws was the Fugitive Slaves Act. This act stated that any slaves who escaped to the free North could be found and taken back into Slavery in the South. This infuriated many northerners, making the tensions of Slavery grow even more. The picture below shows the two states added to the Union in red, due to the Missouri Compromise. If you look closely, you can even see the imaginary latitude line and tell which part of the state was open to slave holders.

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Missionaries were groups of people who moved out West to talk about the bible and teach the Christian way. The motivation of Missionaries moving out West was to teach the Natives about religion and convert them to Christianity. Some of the more famous Missionaries at the time, were Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and Henry and Elizabeth Spalding. In 1836 the two couples began their journey down the Oregon Trail and eventually made it safely to Oregon. When there, the two couples split between tribes and began teaching them the ways of Christianity. It ended up as a difficult start, but eventually the Spalding got there first converts form the Nez Pierce. On the other hand, the Cayuse was far more interested in the whites weapons and tools than religion resulting in the Whitman's not getting any converts. Later the Indians thought that Henry was poisoning the Indians, so they ended up killing Marcus and Narcissa. The Missionaries faced many challenges, such as not knowing the Native culture and the fact that the Natives were more into their stuff than their religious teachings. The Indians ended up getting overwhelmed by all the settlers and killed them. The picture below shows a drawing of the Whitman couple arriving in Oregon with the American Flag. It also shows people knelling in front of them looking at the bible making you wonder if they know how to read it, or what it even was.

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During the 1830s missionaries had moved into Oregon's Wi... by Olivia

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TOUCH this image to discover its story. Image tagging powered by ThingLink

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As a result of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, many people became interested in the old industry, which was the fur trade. Mountain Men were fur trappers and traders who normally lived in the mountains setting traps. Their lives may have been fun, but the conditions were not always as fun. Mountain Men faced many challenges, such as the fact that they normally died young due to the harsh conditions. They had to travel in many different weather conditions and there were many hazards due to tougher animals such as bears. The reason many Mountain Men enjoyed moving out West, was the fact that they had freedom and the job offered adventure. The Mountain Men ended up exploring most of the West, leaving behind routes and paths for future settlers. The picture below shows kind of what a Mountain Men would have looked like, wearing all kinds of different fur. The conditions in the back of the picture could even make you infer that the conditions may have been tougher due to the geographical features in the nearby area.

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The Mormons were a religious group of people mainly from the North. The Mormons motivation to move out West was to escape religious persecution. The first Mormon church was made by Joseph Smith in New York, and the Mormon way of life was living in a community full of people who believed in faith and sharing goods for the well being of others. Many of their neighbor persecuted them an though that Mormon believes were crazy. Soon after Smith died due to a violent mob, Brigham Young took over as the leader and decided that the Mormons should move out West to Slat Lake City Utah to escape religious persecution. On the Mormons journey to Utah they faced many challenges, such as the long hard journey down the 1300 mile Mormon Trail to an unpromising spot. The Mormon eventually made it to Slat Lake City Utah and ended up being the first Americans to settle the Great Basin and live in Nevada. The picture below is the route that the Mormons took to get to Salt Lake City Utah, known as the Mormon Trail. The map also shows the highlighted area of Utah where many of the Mormons ended up settling.

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Sectionalism means, focusing on more local regional interests at the expense of the well being of the whole. An example of Sectionalism is the differences between the North and the South. A major difference between the North and the South were the Railroads and Transportation in each region. By 1860, 70% of railroads ran through the Northern states, meaning that railroad transportation was mainly used by the North. The North used railroads to transport goods and contribute to the growth of the Industry. In contrast, the South consisted of few railroads and mainly transported goods by boat. Plus, all of the railroads in the North connected and are a lot closer. Another major difference between the North and the South slave Population. The states in the North began to abolish slavery since they thought it would only hurt the Union. Six Northern states that bordered slave states were Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Unlike the North, one-third of the Souths population was made up of slaves. Most Southerners supported Slavery, since they had farms and produced a lot of the economy. Slavery was basically their way of life. The picture below is a map that shows the free states in green and the slave states in orange. You can even tell which Northern states that bordered the slave states.

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The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress , involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories . It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of . The Missouri Compromise was, of course, a compromise which was reached with much quarreling and debate between the two sides. It highlights the split between those who favor slavery and those who do not in Congress. Although this split clearly illustrates sectionalism, the two sides were able to come together and compromise, which is an example of nationalism as well.

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The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress , involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories . It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of .

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When America started buying new territories out west, groups of settlers would move out to the new lands. Some Americans, such as John O Sullivan thought that it was the United States Manifest Destiny to control the whole continent. This idea of Manifest Destiny meant that it was Americas god given right to settle and control all of the land and make it theirs. Some of the reasons so many people started moving out West was because of all the new territories america had just received. One new territory was Texas, which ended up being annexed as the 28th state in 1845. Texas was opened up to American settlement by Mexico hoping to get a larger population. Eventually Stephen Austin led the first group of Americans into Texas. Many new settlers did not obey the Mexican laws, such as the ban of Slavery, and not long after Texas declared its Independence from Mexico. Mexican soldiers soon began to fight, surrounding Americans starting a battle between Texas and Mexico. After General Houston of Texas defeated Santa Anna, the Texas Revolution came to an end. Over all the Controversy about Slavery and being a slave or free state Texas stayed an Independent state for a while until eventually they were admitted in the Union. Another territory that was added was the Oregon Territory, which was received through an american Great Britain compromise. The United states and Great Britain shared the territory for a while and many settlers traveled the Oregon Trail to move into the South part of the territory, while Great Britain had settlers in the North part When James Polk was elected President he promised to acquire the northwest part of the territory, but Polk ended up negotiating with Britain to divide the Oregon Country into two parts. The U.S. was given the southern half, and Britain the North making the boundary line the 49th latitude line. The Mexican Cession was a boundary between the U.S. and Mexico. The U.S. offered to buy New Mexico and California for $30 million, but Mexico refused and soon shots were fired leading to congress declaring war on Mexico. The Mexican-American War was a tough fought war, but eventually the american army captured Mexico city and Mexico surrendered. In result, America acquired the Mexican Cession, which makes up the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and California toady. Lastly, the Gadsden Purchase was bought in order to built a railroad from New Orleans westward to California. Congress negotiated with Mexico, resulting in a purchase of the tiny strip of land for $10 million at the southern end of the Rocky Mountains. This territory is now a part of southern Arizona and New Mexico. The picture below shows all of the new Territories that America gained in the mid 1800s.

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Dorothea Dix was the main leader of the Prison Reform. She started off volunteering to teach at jails on Sundays, but soon realized that the prison system needed to be changed. Prisoners were kept in chains, locked in cages, and child thefts were put in the same rooms as adult criminals. Dix immediately began going to jails all throughout Massachusetts and visiting debtors who had been imprisoned for years. The Most shocking Discovery that she made was how poorly the mentally ill prisoners were treated. They were whipped and punished if they misbehaved and they couldn't go anywhere else because there was only one asylum in the Massachusetts prison system. For years Dix's gathered up information about these horrors and went before the state legislator to present her case. The state legislator was surprised by her findings, and voted to create public asylums for the mentally ill and created mentally ill hospitals that gave treatments. By the time Dix died state debtors were no longer put in prison, sates had special judicial systems that put children in trouble, and no more cruel punishments were allowed in prisons. Another reform movement that gained support was making education more available to children, which was the Education Reform. The main leader of the Education Reform was a man from Massachusetts, Horace Mann. Mann grew up with limited schooling, since he worked on his family's farm the rest of the time. Mann was lucky to go to school at all, since only very few schools were paid with taxes in Massachusetts at the time. wealthy parents sent their children to private schools or got tutors, but most kids simply just didn't attend school. The kids that didn't attend normally had to steal, or they were in poverty. Later on in life Horace Mann became the state supervisor of education in Massachusetts, and went to different towns and villages to speak about the need of public schools. People in Massachusetts soon offered to pay taxes for new public schools and pay higher salaries for the teachers. By the 1850s many boys in the North and West attended public schools, but still states didn't offer schooling to women and African Americans. Soon few schools opened up for women and later on African American only schools opened up too making many whites angry. Horace Mann noticed that a lot more still needed to be done, so he eventually opened up his own college which offered women and African Americans many educational opportunities. The picture below show Dorothea Dix looking at how badly treated prisoners were. The prisoner is chained to a chair and has stuff on his head, making the conditions look terrible.

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One day in 1841, a Boston woman named Dorothea Dix agreed to teach Sunday school at a jail. What she witnessed that day changed her life forever. She was horrified to see that many inmates were bound...

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Before Alcohol became such a big problem, the leaders of Temperance Movements main goal was to limit the use of Alcohol. Soon after the Movement took of the goal shifted to banning Alcohol altogether. Alcohol was a huge problem and it had many effects on its users. People turned to Alcohol to relieve pain and depression. Temperance caused a higher crime rates, unemployment, and resulted in more people becoming homeless. Some of the main leaders of the Temperance Movement were John Bartholomew Gough and Carrie Nation. John Bartholomew Gough was a public speaker who helped collect money for the cause. By the end of the Movement, he had spoken 386 times about Temperance. Unlike John, Carrie Nation was a very violent person. She went to jail many times and even destroyed stuff like barrooms with her hatchet. Carrie Nations lectures would end up having a huge impact on Alcohol in the future. Many protest against the sale of Alcohol were held in hope that people would stop buying and selling Alcohol. After a long hard fight against Temperance, the Movement came out successful. Some of the outcomes of the Temperance Movement was the ban of Alcohol and the 18th amendment. The 18th amendment effective established the prohibition of Alcoholic beverages in the United States. The picture below shows a group of women protesting against the use of Alcohol. They were most likely a part of the Temperance Movement and were trying to help the idea of banning Alcohol.

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Many people in the North became abolitionists when Slavery grew to be a problem. After the cotton gin was invented a lot more cotton could be produced a lot faster, so the demand for slaves increased. Soon there were over 4 million slaves in the U.S. The conditions slaves were put in were terrible, making them work all day in the fields and then they were forced to live in a tiny cabin with as many as 10 other slaves. Many people in the North began to realize that Slavery was a serious problem that needed to come to an end. People who argued to end Slavery were known as abolitionists. Many Abolitionists joined movements to end Slavery, and started and tried to get people to join and help the movements. Some of the Strategies that abolitionists used to try and end Slavery were spreading the negatives of Slavery all around the Country, forming Anti Slavery groups such as the American Anti-Slavery Society, and making the movements more well known. A guy from the North named William Loyd Garrison published an abolitionists newspaper, known as the Liberator. Garrison also formed the American Anti-Slavery Society, which made the movement take a huge step froward. Other abolitionist leaders such as Frederick Douglas and Harriet Tubman helped the movements by fighting Slavery. Tubman helped many Slaves escape through the Underground Railroad and Douglas gave many Speeches talking about how all men and women were created equal. These abolition movements helped take the argument of abolishing Slavery closer than it had ever been. The picture below is what the Newspaper the Liberator would have looked like. The cover of the Newspaper shows how slaves are being treated poorly and are almost looking for help.

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In the 1800s women did not have the same rights as men. They could not vote or hold office, control money or property, or even get the same education. Many women fought to end slavery, but soon they realized that they weren't much different than slaves. Soon Movements organized by women began to try and change women's rights. Two Famous leaders in the women's rights movements were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.They were both fighting the battles of slavery and women's rights. After a while of giving speeches and fighting for equal treatment, Stanton and Mott met together to organize a women's rights movement that would end up having a huge impact on women everywhere. The movement was known as the Seneca Falls Convention, where nearly 300 people including some men met to launch the movement for women's right to vote. Many of the people there were abolitionists, Quakers, or other reformers. The convention organizers modeled there proposal for women's rights, as the Declaration of Sediments. Written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, this was a lot like the Declaration of Independence stating that all men and women were created equal. The Seneca Falls Convention helped make a organized campaign for women's rights. Soon many people started joining the cause like Frederick Douglas, a black man fighting for the fact that if a black man should be allowed to vote than so should a black women. Sojourner Truth spoke for women's rights and gave a famous speech known as "Ain't I a Women", and Susan B Anthony a friend of Elizabeth Cady Stanton went around giving speeches that Stanton had written. What was once a Convention of 300 people had turned into a whole Movement fighting for women's rights all over the Country. The picture below is a drawing of the Seneca Falls Convention. The girl giving a speech is most likely Elizabeth Cady Stanton reading from the Declaration of Sentiments.

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Seneca Falls Meeting, 1848 is a photograph by Granger which was uploaded on March 6th, 2011. The photograph may be purchased as wall art, home decor, apparel, phone cases, greeting cards, and more. All products are produced on-demand and shipped worldwide within 2 - 3 business days.

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The Underground Railroad a network of people who secretly helped slaves escape to the North. The Underground Railroad was big, especially while slavery was taking place and the North and South were fighting about it. This "railroad" was ran by people called conductors, which were people basically trying to help slaves reach their freedom. These conductors would hide the slaves, feed them, and help pass them onto the next conductor who would help them get even closer to the free states. Most of the time, slaves would try to escape on the Underground Railroad because they either had gotten separated from family, are they were just trying to escape from their owner and the laws of slavery. By the time slavery ended, the Underground Railroad had helped thousands of slaves escape to their freedom. Some of the Famous conductors were Harriet " Moses " Tubman, William Shull, and many others.The Underground Railroad didn't just have an impact on slaves, but it also had an impact on the North and South. The Underground Railroad soon became a threat to the South, since many of the slaves were escaping from the Southern plantations. On the other hand, many Northerners saw this as a way to stop slavery and keep it out of the young growing America. Later when the Fugitive Slave Act was passed many Northerners were angered since the law stated that slaves who had escaped to the North could be captured and sent back into Slavery. The picture below is a famous drawing/painting that was made to represent the Underground Railroad. This picture shows the slaves running, or escaping what would have been the South and slavery.

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As the States started to get highly populated, many people started moving out west. The only problem was that the land was blocked by Native American tribes such as the Cherokee. So, in 1830 President Jackson told congress to pass a law known as the Indian Removal Act. This law stated that Native Americans could give up their land in the East in exchange for some land out west in the territories. When some tribes refused to give up their land, Jackson got mad and started using force to move them out. Many Indians were forced out of their homes by American soldiers and then forced to walk the long hard walk to Indian Territory. Many natives died during this journey from the bad conditions and the lack of food supply. This would Later be known as the Trail of Tears. The time when Indians were forced to give up their land and walk for miles just to what would be their new lands, the Indian Territory or modern day Oklahoma. The picture below is a map of where the Cherokee tribes were forced to walk to from their land east of the Mississippi River. The map also shows where the Indians walked from by drawing little trails to the Indian Territory.

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The National Bank was partly owned by the Federal government and it favored federal deposits. Jackson did not agree with the bank at all, since he thought that it only made the rich richer, and the poor poorer. Being a common man and farmer before election, Jackson wanted the bank to favor the capitalists and not the richer business men. The banks charter was almost due for renewal in 1836, but Jackson could have waited until his reelection to get rid of the National Bank. Instead, Henry Clay who planned to run for President though pushing a bill allowing the bank to be renewed four years early would make people not want to reelect Jackson at the thought of vetoing the bill. Jackson in fact vetoed the Bill saying that it was unconstitutional and still got enough voters to get reelected a second term. Rather than letting the bank die, Jackson put federal deposits into state banks which favored the more common people. The picture below is a cartoon drawing showing the bank as an evil snake and Jackson slaying the snake. The represents Jackson getting rid of the problem known as the National Bank.

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The Nullification Crisis happened when congress passed a law to raise the tariffs. The raised tariffs allowed many Northern factory owners and manufacturers to outsell other countries since higher tariffs meant higher imported prices. On the other hand, many southerners opposed the high tariffs since this raised the prices of factory goods and made trading crops like cotton with other countries a lot more expensive. Southerners believed that this new law only favored the North so the south refused to pay the tariffs. This led to Jackson signing a new law which lowered the tariffs, but many southerners were still not happy with the decision event to thew point that South Carolina threatened to secede. This made Andrew Jackson really mad, so he called up congress and made a bill allowing him to use the Federal army to collect the tariffs. South Carolina eventually backed down due to Jackson's response and the Nullification Crisis ended. The picture below shows a man from the south and a man from the north. The picture also shows how the tariffs affected both the north and the south, the northern guy being bigger and stronger, while the southern guy is weaker and has to pay more tariffs.

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Andrew Jackson was elected the seventeenth President of the United States in 1828. Jackson offered Jacksonian Democracy, the belief that the common man could have a say in the government. After Jackson took office, he started rewarding many of his supporters, friends, and family with government jobs. Because of this, Republicans who were not supporters of Jackson lost their jobs and were removed from office. Many of the Republicans or non supporters of Jackson called this system the Spoils System, since he was throwing out or "spoiling" the setup of government powers. The picture below was a drawing made to represent the Spoils System, by putting Andrew Jackson on a pig in the mud. The picture is also showing how the economy is falling by rapping money around the pig and in the mud.

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The Industrial Revolution was like a new era in time for america. It was the transition to manufacturing, machinery, inventions, and work in factories. Instead of living the old way of life by farming, making your own clothes and furniture, many people started moving to the cities and getting jobs in factories. During this time many new inventions were made, one being the cotton gin by Eli Whitney. The cotton gins purpose was to quickly and easily separate cotton fibers from their seeds.This new machine made producing cotton a lot faster and a lot more profitable, but their were some negative effects too. Since so much cotton could be produced faster, the demand for slaves in the south increased leading to a lot more slaves working on the plantations. Another invention was the power loom, which could weave, sew, and make clothes a whole lot faster than if done by hand. Factories called textiles were set up and filled with workers running power looms, producing clothes in a whole new way. Soon there was the setup of the factory system, which was basically just a bunch of factories starting to develop in cities mainly in the north. Because of factories developing there began to be a lot more job opportunities available and people could now leave their farms. Soon cities became too populated leading to a widespread of poverty and diseases. The streets were polluted, and way too busy. Since it took way to long to get places and transportation was slow, Robert Fulton invented the steam engine. The steam engine was used in steamboats and trains and it's purpose was to power or run the machine. After the steam engine was invented transportation became a lot faster, and more cargo, letters, etc could be held. But, the steam engine increased air pollution and increased the demand for coal and iron. The picture below is a picture of the factory systems up north. This shows how overcrowded and polluted the cities were by adding all of the smoke and making the picture look really dark and grey.

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Unit 4- Industrial Revolution - Ms. Leonard's Website

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This unit is all about the Industrial Revolution, which was the switch to the use of factories and machines. Industrialization is arguably one of the most fundamental changes in human history!!