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When two or more species affect each others' evolution because they have close ecological relationship(s):
Predator-Prey
Parasite-Host
Mutualism-both benefit in cooperating.
Commensalism-one benefits and the other one is not harmed (neutral).
Pollinators-Plants
Competitors-organisms needing the same resource(s).

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MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION-creating variation of traits of individuals affecting their survival and reproduction.

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MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION-creating variation of traits of individuals affecting their survival and reproduction.

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mutation-A change in a DNA sequence. It is the ultimate source of genetic variation.
migration (gene flow)-is any movement of genes from one population to another as individuals move from one area to another.
genetic drift-just by random chance (or accident, catastrophe,  etc.) some individuals do not survive and their genes/traits are not passed on.
sexual reproduction-can introduce new gene combinations into a population during meiosis (sex cell production and then combining during fertilization of two different genomes of two individuals.
Natural Selection-not all individuals survive and reproduce successfully in a population and thus do not pass on their genes/traits.  Only those who are successful will change the course of evolution of their species.

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Macroevolutionary patterns are generally what we see when we look at the large-scale history of life:
stability-species mostly unchanged thru generations.
change-slight species changes.
new species lineage-new branch on tree of life.
extinction-the end of a branch.

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Is evolution on a small scale — within a single population (reproducing together potentially and sharing variation of genes in one gene "pool") of a specific species-just one branch.

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Fossils
Comparing anatomy of homologous structures (similar anatomy-body parts)
Embryology and Development
Comparing DNA code and proteins
Bio-geography

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Biography-Naturalist of the 1800's.
Trip on the HMS Beagle around the world-highlight:  the Galapagos islands.
Book-On Origin of the Species
Discoveries-new species, comparing of species that are similar, fossil study, theory of Natural Selection for explaining Evolution, etc.
Reasoning-selective breeding, geologic time and change, diversity of life, fossils or extinct species; comparing species living and extinct, etc.

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Isolation (separation) of populations allows them to evolve differently with unique set of natural selection factors and genetic changes. If they become different enough to not reproduce they are considered to be separate species: Evolution has happened! It can be slow (gradualism) or rapid (punctuated equilibrium).
Basic Types of separation:
Geographic-no longer sharing the same habitat.
Genetic (reproductive change)
Use of habitat-using different parts of the same habitat or using it at different times.

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Different ability for success of survival and/or reproduction of different individuals.  Each individual has a unique set of genes and thus traits in a population.  This varying success leads to changes in the genes and thus traits of a population (evolution!). The more advantageous trait the greater likelihood it becomes more common in the population.
There is variation in traits and thus different abilities and success to survive in a particular habitat.
There is different success to reproduce and pass on genes/traits by heredity; i.e. sexual selection.
There is overproduction of offspring beyond what the environment can support.
Competition for limited resources in a habitat.
Environmental factors: changing climate, pollution, natural changes, diseases, fires, meteor strikes, new species entering habitat, volcanic eruptions, flooding, erosion, human caused changes, etc.

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the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth and is a continual process to now.
Chapter 7 in textbook-available online-see class website.