# data[].attributes.body
Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the U.S and is on the rise.  Suicide rates are up by 33% over the last 20 years.  Barriers to suicide prevention and treatment include financial burden and social stigmas attached to mental health.  Lack of organized data revolving around suicide due to these barriers, among others such as legalities, contributes to the lack of advances in suicide prevention.

# data[].attributes.body
Beginning July 16, 2022, dialing “988” will route calls to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
FCC to set up 3-digit suicide hotline number

# data[].attributes.headline
Current NYS Suicide Data (years 2016-2018):

# data[].attributes.subject
Current NYS Suicide Data (years 2016-2018):

# data[].attributes.body
Suicide rates continue to increase per year: 2016 (1671), 2017 (1677), 2018 (1713).  The highest rates are in the following populations: White, male, between the ages of 45-54, never married.

# data[].attributes.body
During the course of the hotline call, significant emotional distress reduction and suicidal ideation urgency de-escalation was achieved.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Highlights

*

This study represents the first-ever examination of the proximal effectiveness of the suicide prevention hotline in Taiwan, as well as in Asia.

*

It is also one of a few studies to describe the caller profiles of the suicide prevention hotline.

*

In this study, we found that (1) notwithstanding the suicide status of the callers, significant decreases in their emotional distress and suicidal urgency can be detected during the course of the telephone session; (2) unexpectedly, people with an ongoing suicide attempt are less emotionally distressed than those with only suicidal thoughts; and (3) men, the elderly, and people living outside northern Taiwan are less likely to call the hotline.

Abstract

Background

Hotlines are among commonly available and recommended suicide prevention strategies in many countries, but only a few empirical studies have focused on people who used this service and the proximal outcomes of calls made to the hotlines. This study is designed to investigate the demographic characteristics of the Taiwan National Suicide Prevention Hotline (NSPH) callers and whether the NSPH service helps to alleviate the callers' emotional distress and suicide risk.

Methods

Descriptive statistics were used to describe the gender, age and county/city distribution of the 63,696 callers from 2009 to 2011. Three hundred telephone records of 100 acute suicidal callers, 100 suicidal callers, and 100 non-suicidal callers were then randomly selected for further investigation of the proximal changes in the callers' emotional disturbance and suicidality.

Results

Notwithstanding the suicide status of the callers, significant decreases in their emotional distress and suicidality could be detected during the course of the telephone session. Men, the elderly, and people living outside northern Taiwan, however, were less likely to call the NSPH. An unexpected yet significant finding is that people with an ongoing suicide attempt were less emotionally distressed than those with only suicidal thoughts.

Conclusions

The hotline is a useful suicide preventive and crisis intervention service. However, further creative and consistent work is needed to make the service more appealing to the hard-to-reach population.

View full text

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An evaluation of suicide prevention hotline results in Taiwan: Caller profiles and the effect on emotional distress and suicide risk

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This study represents the first-ever examination of the proximal effectiveness of the suicide prevention hotline in Taiwan, as well as in Asia. * It is also one of a few studies to describe the caller profiles of the suicide prevention hotline.

# data[].attributes.body
Bjureberg, J. & Dahlin, M. & Carlborg, A. & Edberg, H. & Haglund, A. & Runeson, B. (2021). Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale Screen Version: initial screening for suicide risk in a psychiatric emergency department. Psychological Medicine, 1–9. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0033291721000751

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, March 23). Suicide Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/facts/index.html

Crepeau-Hobson, F. & Estes, J. (2019). Removing barriers to treatment: evaluation of a youth suicide prevention program. Journal of Youth Development, 14 (3). https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2019.731

Fortune, F.S., & Wen-Hsien, C. (2019). An evaluation of suicide prevention hotline results in Taiwan: Caller profiles and the effect on emotional distress and suicide risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 244, 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.050

New York State Department of Health. (2018, September). Suicide and self inflicted injuries in new york state. https://nyshc.health.ny.gov/web/nyapd/suicides-in-new-york

World Health Organization. (2019, September 2). Suicide. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide

# data[].attributes.body
The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale is a risk assessment tool implemented into the Electronic Health Record workflow that allows the user to recognize suicide risk promptly, resulting in immediate follow-up care.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Bjureberg et al 2021 Psychological Medicine). The suicidal thoughts with methods or any intent to act on the C-SSRS Screener robustly predicted death by suicide over 1-week, 1-month and 1-year time periods. 57 patients who died by suicide had between double and almost 4-times the odds of dying by suicide. Similarly, positive answers to suicidal behavior question predicted suicide over short- and longer-term. The majority of high-risk answers resulted in immediate in-patient or follow-up psychiatric care. In-patient psychiatric care was protective against suicide within 1-week of screening and admission but indicated higher risk for suicide within 1-month and 1-year follow up. Bjureberg 2021 - Columbia-suicide_severity_rating_scale_screen_version_initial_screening_for_suicide_risk_in_a_psychiatric_emergency_department

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Columbia Screen Robustly Predicts Death by Suicide in Swedish ER's with Imminent Risk Timeframe | The Columbia Lighthouse Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The abbreviated Columbia (C-SSRS) Screener was evaluated in a just-published largest study of over 18K psychiatric emergency patients in Sweden (Bjureberg et al 2021 Psychological Medicine). The suicidal thoughts with methods or any intent to act on the C-SSRS Screener robustly predicted death by suicide over 1-week, 1-month and 1-year time periods.

# data[].attributes.body
The National Suicide Prevention Hotline is a national network committed to improving crisis services and preventing suicide.  Their crisis service centers provide free emotional support to those in crisis 24/7 through their hotline as well as through public messaging.

Anonymity and free-of-charge service bypass two of the biggest burdens to receiving help during a crisis situation.

# data[].attributes.body
This study focused on removing barriers associated with suicide prevention by implementing a suicide risk assessment. None of the clients went on to die by suicide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Allison, S., Roeger, L., & Abbot, D. (2008). Overcoming barriers in referral from schools to mental health services. Australian Psychiatry, 16(1), 44-47.

Asarnow, J. R., Tompson, M. C., & Berk, M. S. (2005). Adolescent depression: Family-focused treatment strategies. In W. Pinsof & J. Lebow (Eds.) Family psychology: The art of the science (pp. 425-450). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Carr, A., McDonnell, D., & Owen, P. (1994). Audit and family systems consultation: Evaluation

of practice at a child and family center. Journal of Family Therapy, 16, 143-157.

Centers for Disease Control. (2017). QuickStats: Suicide rates for teens aged 15-19 years, by sex - United States, 1975-2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2017;66:816. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6630a6

Cherpitel, C. J., Borges, G. L., & Wilcox, H. C. (2004). Acute alcohol use and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature. Alcoholism Clinical Exploratory Research, 28, 18S-28S. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000127411.61634.14

Chu, J.P., Hsieh, K., & Tokars, D.A. (2011). Help-seeking tendencies in Asian Americans with suicidal ideation and attempts. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 2(1), 25-38. doi:10.1037/a0023326

Crepeau-Hobson, F. (2013). An exploratory study of suicide risk assessment practices in the school setting. Psychology in the Schools, 50(8), 810-822. doi:10.1002/pits.21705

Cummings, J. R., & Druss, B. G. (2011). Racial/ethnic differences in mental health service use among adolescents with major depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(2), 160-170.

Farand, L., Renaud, J., & Chagnon, F. (2004). Adolescent suicide in Quebec and prior utilization of medical service. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 95, 357-360.

Freedenthal, S. (2007). Racial disparities in mental health service use by adolescents who thought about or attempted suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(1), 22-34.

Fried, L. E., Williams, S., Cabral, H., & Hacker, K. (2012). Differences in risk factors for suicide attempts among 9th and 11th grade youth: A longitudinal perspective. The Journal of School Nursing, 29(2), 1-10.

Gould, M. S., Marrocco, F. A., Hoagwood, K., Kleinman, M., Amakawa, L., & Altschuler, E. (2009). Service use by at-risk youths after school-based suicide screening. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(12), 1193-1201. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181bef6d5

Guerra, S. G., & Vasiliadis, H. M. (2016). Gender differences in youth suicide and healthcare service use. Crisis, 37(4), 290-298.

Gutierrez, P. M., & Osman, A. (2009). Getting the best return on your screening investment: An analysis of the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire and Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale. School Psychology Review, 38(2).

Heron, M. (2016). Deaths: Leading causes for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports, 65(5). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr65/nvsr65_05.pdf

Husky, M., Sheridan, M., McGuire, L., & Olfson, M. (2011). Mental health screening and follow-up care in public high schools. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(9), 881-891. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.05.013

Impey, M. M., & Heun, R. R. (2012). Completed suicide, ideation and attempt in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(2), 93-102

Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Hawkins, J., . . . Zaza, S. (2016). Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2015. MMWR Surveillance Summary 65(6), 1-174. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/2015/ss6506_updated.pdf

Kataoka, S., Stein, B. D., Nadeem, E., & Wong, M. (2007). Who gets care? Mental health service use following a school-based suicide prevention program. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46 (10), 1342-1348. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31813761fd

Kataoka, S. H., Zhang, L., & Wells, K. B. (2002). Unmet need for mental health care among U.S. children: Variation by ethnicity and insurance status. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (9), 1548-1555.

Kelly, T., Cornelius, J., & Lynch, K. (2002). Psychiatric and substance use disorders as risk factors for attempted suicide among adolescents: A case control study. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 32, 301-312. doi:10.1521/suli.32.3.301.22168.

Larson, J., dosReis, S., Stewart, M., Kushner, R., Frosch, E., & Solomon, B. (2011). Barriers to mental health care for urban, lower income families referred from pediatric primary care. Administrative and Policy in Mental Health, 40, 159-167. doi:10.1007/s10488-011-0389-1

McKay, M. M., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J. J. (1996). Addressing the barriers to mental health services for inner city children and their caretakers. Community Mental Health Journal, 32, 353-361.

Michelmore, L. & Hindley, P. (2012). Help-seeking for suicidal thoughts and self-harm in young people: A systematic review. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42(5), 507-524. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00108.x

Miller, D. N. (2011). Child and adolescent suicidal behavior: school-based prevention, assessment, and intervention. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Moskos, M. A., Olson, L., Halbern, S. R., & Gray, D. (2007). Utah youth suicide study: Barriers to mental health treatment for adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(2), 179-186.

Ougrin, D., Tranah T., Stahl, D., Moran, P., & Asarnow, J. R. (2015). Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(2):97-107.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009

Owens, P. L., Hoagwood, K., Horwitz, S. M., Leaf, P. J., Poduska, J. M., Kellam, S. G., & Ialongo, N. S. (2002). Barriers to children's mental health services. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(6), 731-738.

Reinecke, M. A., DuBois, D. L., & Schultz, T. M. (2001). Social problem solving, mood, and suicidality among inpatient adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(6), 743-756.

Reynolds, W. M. (1987) Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.

Verona, E., & Shabnam, J. (2011). Dimensions of adolescent psychopathology and relationships to suicide risk indicators. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 40(8), 958-971.

Wang, P. S., Bergland, P. A., Olfson, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2004). Delays in initial treatment contact after first onset of a mental disorder. Health Services Research 39(2), 393-416.

Wu, P., Katic, B.J., Liu, X., Fan, B., & Fuller, C.J. (2010). Mental health service use among suicidal adolescents: Findings from a U.S. national community survey. Psychiatric Services, 61(1), 17-24.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
youth suicide; suicide treatment; barriers to treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Removing Barriers to Treatment: Evaluation of a Youth Suicide Prevention Program | Crepeau-Hobson | Journal of Youth Development

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Allison, S., Roeger, L., & Abbot, D. (2008). Overcoming barriers in referral from schools to mental health services. Australian Psychiatry, 16(1), 44-47. Asarnow, J. R., Tompson, M. C., & Berk, M. S. (2005). Adolescent depression: Family-focused treatment strategies. In W. Pinsof & J. Lebow (Eds.) Family psychology: The art of the science (pp.