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Requirement to demonstrate using diagrams at times

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Requirement to demonstrate using diagrams at times

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DNA nucleotides
tRNA
mRNA

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1. Continue to divide without stopping.
2. Ignore signals.
3. Mutated cell, from mutagens e.g. x-ray
4. Transport though blood system, it can also break through blood tube.
5. Can spread to other parts of the body (invade nearby organs and tissues).

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A good example of a gene controlled, enzyme catalysed, complex metabolic pathway is the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. This amino acid is an essential amino acid which must be provided in the diet. Once in the human body phenylalanine can:
- be part of the synthesis of cellular proteins
- be completely broken down in a series of steps to produce water and CO2
- be partially broken down (by the enzyme phenylalanine hydrolase) into tyrosine, which then supplies essential side pathways (melanin or thyroxine)

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1          Demonstrate understanding involves defining, using annotated diagrams or models to explain, and giving characteristics of, or an account of, gene expression.

Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves providing a reason as to how or why biological ideas and processes affect gene expression.

Demonstrate comprehensive understanding involves linking biological ideas and processes about gene expression.  The explanation may involve justifying, relating, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, or analysing.

2          Gene expression involves a selection from the following biological ideas and processes:

·         nucleic acid structure and nature of the genetic code

·         significance of proteins

·         protein synthesis

·         the determination of phenotype via metabolic pathways

·         effect of environment on genotype through mutations

·         effect of environment on expression of phenotype.

3          Biological ideas and processes relating to nucleic acid structure and nature of the genetic code are selected from:

·         molecular components and their role in carrying the genetic code: nucleotide monomers, deoxyribose and/or ribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous bases, complementary base pairing resulting in coding and template strand

·         nature of the genetic code including triplets, codons and anticodons

·         redundancy due to degeneracy within the code.

4          Biological ideas and processes relating to the significance of proteins are selected from:

·         proteins as the products of gene expression: DNA à mRNA à polypeptide or protein

·         identification of one gene à one polypeptide relationship

·         significance of proteins is limited to their structural and catalytic role in living things.

5          Biological ideas and processes relating to protein synthesis are selected from:

·         the role of DNA sequence in determining the structure of a protein and how that protein is produced (transcription and translation)

·         the role of enzymes in controlling the process (specific names of enzymes are not required).

6          Biological ideas and processes relating to the determination of phenotype via metabolic pathwaysare selected from:

·         biochemical reactions are catalysed by specific enzymes and every enzyme is coded for by a specific gene(s)

·         biochemical reactions do not occur in isolation but form part of a chain reaction so that the product of one becomes the substrate of another step in metabolism

·         phenotype is determined by the presence, absence, or amount of specific metabolic products.

7          Biological ideas and processes relating to the effect of the environment on genotype through mutationsare selected from:

·         mutagens (specific mutagens are recognised but their effect at molecular level is not required)

·         the potential effect on genotype and phenotype of gene mutations at the gene level.

8          Biological ideas and processes relating to the effect of environment on expression of phenotypeinvolve ways that environmental factors may change phenotype without changing genotype. �*�B+�

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Insertion:
Deletion:
Substitution:
Inversion:

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The environment has effects on organism phenotype too like...

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The environment has effects on organism phenotype too like...

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Plants near the sea may be doubled over due to strong persistents catabatic and anabatic winds.
Plants become more stunted as you move up in altitude due to increasing weather and temperature weather extremes

This means:
how an organism acts or looks may change due to the environment during its lifetime but these changes will not be passed to offspring as no changes have been made to DNA and therefore have no effect on an offsprings gene expresssion.

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Promoter - turns the gene on and off and signals the site of transcription

Terminator - signals the end point of transcription

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The tRNA is a small molecule folded back onto it self so that it has a clover leaf shape. It is made of base pairs which bond together to produce the shape. The shape leaves three unpaired bases at the bottom of the molecule which is called the anticodon, which bonds to the complimentary codon of mRNA during  translation. At the top of the molecule there is an amino acid which joins with the polypeptide chain when the anticodon bonds with the corresponding codon. Then then tRNA molecule moves away to collect another amino acid.

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Just a Cluck Away from E. coli

When people hear the name E. coli, even a passing familiarity brings about reactions of disgust and fear of food poisoning. This outright hatred of the common bacteria is, perhaps, a bit unwarranted, considering there are many different types of Escherichia coli. Not only are there harmful strains, but there are also many that are...

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DNA Interactive: Discovering the DNA Structure and beyond

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DNA Interactive is an educational web site resource that celebrates the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the DNA double helix structure.

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Radiation and Chemical Compound Mutagens

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Radiation and Chemical Compound Mutagens

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Mutagens usually fall into one of two categories: radiation and chemical compounds.

Radiation: ionising radiation (eg: from Xrays, gamma rays or alpha particles) and UV radiation (eg: the Sun) can directly damage DNA by breaking the strands, causing the loss of bases and/or causing cross linking of strands.

Chemical Compounds: a large number of chemical compounds, of various sorts, act as mutagens. Some (base analogues such as bromouracil) replace normal bases in DNA , others (eg. ethidium bromide) become inserted between bases, while others (eg. nitrous oxide) damage bases. Other chemicals (eg. peroxides, benzene, formaldehyde) can break DNA strands or cross link them. Some viruses can also act as mutagens, because they can invade cells and become integrated into the genome, triggering cancers. An example is the hepatitis B virus, which is a cause of liver cancer

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Occur due to errors in DNA replication, repairs and recombination. Many spontaneous mutations can be repaired by enzyme mechanisms in the nucleus. Since many mutations cause cancer, mutagens are typically also carcinogens

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A gene mutation is a change in the base sequence of DNA, whereas a chromosomal mutation involves whole genes, when parts of genes are deleted or repeated to other chromosomes

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Translation is the process whereby the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide/protein.

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Animation of how DNA codes for amino acids are translated and made into proteins.

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A gene codes for an enzyme in the metabolic pathway

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Transcription is when heliocase splits DNA in to a template and coding strand. RNA polymerase binds to the template strand and makes a copy of the corresponding bases of DNA eg. A=U, G=C. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore after introns, which are not needed for protein synthesis are removed. The two DNA strands then recoil into their double helix shape. The mRNA then goes to a ribosome either in the rough ER or cytoplasm

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is the process where genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in polypeptide. Translation occurs in the ribosomes

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Mutations are spontaneous and random, however, rate of mutations may be increased by environmental factors called mutagens. (Physical or chemical

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If a mutation occurs to a gene in a metabolic pathway then that gene codes for a particular

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A mis-sense mutation is when the substitution does change amino acid formed but does not effect the function of protein formed (shape and active site not changed)

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involved in gene expression include

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The organelles involved in Gene expression are...

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The organelles involved in Gene expression are...

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Is a series of biochemical reactions controlled by catalysts where one chemical reaction causes the next chemical reaction. The product acts as the substrate for the next chemical reaction.

Examples of faults in DNA structure causing problems with gene expression include
Sickle cell anemia

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Carcinogens are also called mutagens they include

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Carcinogens are also called mutagens they include

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1. .Ionising radiation like x-rays gamma rays UV rays

2. Chemicals found in common mateials like fuel (Benzene) and building products (Lead paints and asbestos)

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Enzymes control photosynthesis
Enzyme control respiration
Haemoglobin
Carrier Protiens in membranes
Immune system, antibodies, immunoglobulin

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A mutagen is an environmental factor that changes the genetic material (usually the DNA) of an organism. A mutagen increases the frequency of mutations above the natural 'background' frequency

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Bones
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments

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DNA - A, T, C,G
RNA (i.e mRNA/messenger RNA and tRNA/transfer RNA) - A, U, C, G
And dont forget the base pairing rules for DNA and RNA

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If mistakes are made in replication of DNA this may result in changes to the helix resulting in genes which 

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If mistakes are made in replication of DNA this may result in changes to the helix resulting in genes which 

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Silent
Mis sense
Nonsense

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Whole chromosomes

Particular sections of chromosomes only

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Somatic
Gametic