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1- The sample were all male and came from the same local area; Low generalisability.
2- ETHICAL ISSUES :
- Participants did give a consent but it was not an informed consent as they were told the study is about memory and punishment.
- Participants were repeatedly deceived throughout the study.
- Participants were arguably denied their rights to withdraw.
- They were not protected from psychological harm.
- There is the potential for lasting negative consequences to the participants, who may have felt deeply disturbed by their own behaviour.

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CONTROLLED OBSERVATION
1- Extraneous variables such as age and appearance of the actor playing the stooge.
2- The procedure was standardized: verbal prods were same all through.
3- The level of control and standardization of the procedure made the research more reliable.
4- The clever design of the shock generator and the example shock given to the participants improved the validity of design.
4- Sample comprised of varied ages and backgrounds which does have greater validity.
5- Quantitative measurement which offered an objevtive record of obedience .
6- It made the analysis easier and draw conclusions about the overall amount of destructive obedience seen in the study.
7- Qualitative measures although subjective did provide richer understanding of the tension between wanting to obey orders and wanting to obey one's own conscience.
8- Interviews also helped in understanding the behaviour in a better way.
9- They were debriefed after the study.

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- The study supports the situational explanation for obedience.
- The perceived legitimacy of the study; professional academic environment of the study and use of uniform by the experimenter.
- Other factors include feeling of financial obligations.
- The belief that both they and the learner had freely voluntered to participate.
- Individuals are much more obedient to authority.
- Despite high levels of obedience people do feel stressed in carrying destructive obedience. This is due to the conflict two important social phenomena: the need to obey those in authority and the need to avoid harming other people.

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- Participants were convinced that all aspects of the experiement was real; that they were delivering electric shock's that were extremely painful.
- The mean estimate of the pain of the 450V shock was 13.42/14 meaning that they were fully aware that were causing serious pain.
- Despite the finding's being clear participants showed extremely high levels of destructive obedience.
- The mean voltage given by participants was 368V.
- All participants gave at least 300V, and 65% gave the maximum 450V shock.
- It is a startling contrast with the 0-3% obedience rate estimated prior to the study.
- Qualitative data revealed the participants showed signs of tension during the procedure.
- Observers reported signs of nervousness which increased with the shock level.
- Participants were seen sweating, shaking and groaning with 14/40 men showing signs of nervousness and laughter or smiling.
- The verbal prods were successful in persuading the participants.
- After the procedure, they showed signs of relief, wiped their faces, sighed and shook their heads.
- Some did not show any signs of stress during the procedure.

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- After this learner made no response at all and did not respond to the memory task as well.
- Whenever  the participants asked what he should do, the experimenter instructed him to continue.
- The participant was insisted to continue with the task  and punish the learner for not responding as well.
- When the participant protested, the experimenter continued to give the verbal prods in the sequence.
- The procedure was concluded when the participant refused to give any more shocks or they had given maximum 450V availabale.
- One way mirror were used to record the physcial behaviour and observers noted any comments that were made.
- After the procedure was complete, each participant was interviewed and had the deception explained.
- As part of interview they were asked how painful they thought the final 450V shock was on a scale of 0-14('not at all painful' to 'extremely painful').
- They met the learner for reassurance that he was not harmed in any way.

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- The participant was told that although the shocks were painful, they were not dangerous.
- Example shock of 45V was given as a demonstration.
- Participant was seated behind a wall so that they could hear but not see the stooge attached to the machine.
- The experimenter remained with the participant in all trials.
- The same experimenter was used who was a 31 year old who wore a technician's coat and had a stern manner throughout.
- The participants were instructed to test the learner on their recognition of the words. It was a 'memory task'. which involved reading a pair of words which was read aloud to the learner and subsequently recognising them.
- Participant was ordered whenever the learner made a mistake they were to increase the level of shock each time by 15V.
- Since it was stooge they followed a pre-set plan of mistakes, deliberately giving the wrong answers.
- - Until 300V were reached, the learner had remained silent when receiving the punishment.
- Once the punishment level had reached 300V , the learner began to pound on the wall in protest to the participant.

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- Study took place at Yale University, in a modern laboratory.
- The location was chosen to make the procedure seem legitimate.
- The participant arrived individually to the lab and was introduced to the stooge as the other participant.
- Both men were told they will be assigned the roles of 'teacher' or 'learner'.
- They were deceived as the true aim was not disclosed instead they were told that they experiement was about the effects of punishment on learning.
- To make the study look authenticate the participants were asked to choose one chit that will determine their roles, but in reality it was fixed that the real participant was always the teacher.
- Partcipant was taken to another room where the stooge was strapped to a chair and had electrodes attached to him by the experimenter.
- Participant was presented with the shock generator which consisted of rows of switches labelled with voltage readings from 15V to 450V.
- The shock voltage was also labelled in ascending order with words such as 'moderate' , 'shock', to 'danger': severe shock' and for the final two switches .XXX.

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- Newspaper advertisement was used to recruit 40 men between the ages of 20 and 50 years old.
- Volunteer Sample;comprising of New Haven area of United States.
- Varied backgrounds and occupations, and represented unskilled workers, white collar workers as well as professionals.
- They were promised $4.50 for taking part.

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- CONTROLLED OBSERVATION
- LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
- All VARIABLES and MEASUREMENTS were controlled.
- Behaviour of the participant was observed and recorded.
- Each participant underwent the same procedure and there was no control condition.
- Participants levels of obedience were measured through observation.
- This was operationalised as the maximum voltage given in response to the orders.
- Observers also noted the participants body language and any verbal comments or protests made throughout the procedure.

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- Holocaust took lives of 11 million innocent people on command by the Nazis during Hitler's regime.
- Some of the officers and guards involved in this act were later tried as war criminals in the Nurmberg Trials and they argued in their defence that they were 'just following orders'.
- One theory that tried to explain this act was that the Germans possessed some defective personal traits which made such extreme levels of obedience possible(Dispositional).
- Miligram gave another explanation stating that many people who found themselves in a similar situation would harm or even kill other human beings under the orders of an authority figure (Situational).
- Prior to his study, Milgram told psychology students' and some of his colleagues about his procedure of destructive obedience he will be conducting and asked how many will apply maximum shocks.
- Those asked believed that less than 3% of participants will deliver the maximum voltage shock.
- Many stated that no one would deliver such strong punishment.

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To investigate how obedient individuals would be to orders received from a person in authority.