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- invertebrates, lack backbone
- their body is supported by an outer hard layer: exoskeleton, muscles are attached inside the exoskeleton.

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Arthros: joint                   Podium: foot

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Arthros: joint                   Podium: foot

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Exoskeleton = a hard outer layer that supports their body

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Exoskeleton = a hard outer layer that supports their body

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Centipedes

Millipedes

Crustaceans

Arachnids

Insects

https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/what-bug-is-this/arthropods.html

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- carnivorous
- a distinct head but the rest of the body shows a series of similar segments
- possessing a pair of poison fangs
- living in out of the way places such as under logs and stones

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Chilopoda: group of predatory arthropods, usually have no more than 40-50 legs

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Chilopoda: group of predatory arthropods, usually have no more than 40-50 legs

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- Most segments of the body appear to have 2 pairs of legs.
- The body is also more rounded in cross section

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Diplopoda: Millipede, can have over 200 legs

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Diplopoda: Millipede, can have over 200 legs

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https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/diplopoda

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Myriapoda: previously used as the name for the group of arthropods containing the centipedes and millipedes

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Myriapoda: previously used as the name for the group of arthropods containing the centipedes and millipedes

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- have three regions to the body (head, thorax and abdomen)
- usually have a number of pairs of legs on the thorax
- abdomen also has limbs which are often involved in locomotion
- mostly aquatic

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Common Examples: lobsters, prawns, crabs, shrimps and barnacles

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Common Examples: lobsters, prawns, crabs, shrimps and barnacles

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- predatory or parasitic
- feed by sucking fluids from the bodies of other organisms
- two regions to the body: front ( cephalothorax) rear(abdomen)

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spiders

ticks

mites

scorpions

pseudoscorpions

harvestmen/opiliones

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- body is divided into three distinct regions - head, thorax, and abdomen
- three pairs of walking legs on the thorax, one pair to each segment
- adults of most insects show two pairs of wings, one pair on each of segments two and three. The wings are supported by a series of veins

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An insect's body is divided into three main segments. The head is the anterior (front) most segment. The head features many of the important sensory organs such as antennae and eyes. The head also has the mouthparts.

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1. Prothorax (closest to the head)

2. Mesothorax

3. Metathorax (closest to the abdomen)

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The abdomen is the posterior most of the segments. In most insects clear segmentation can be seen in the abdomen.

The abdomen contains the heart, reproductive organs, mid-gut and other digestive organs.

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Most insects have 2 pairs

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Insects take in Oxygen and expel Carbon Dioxide using a series of internal air tubes, the tracheae. These pass fine branches, the tracheoles, to all parts of the body.
Diffusion alone does not meet the respiratory demands of the animal. Gases are moved, to a large extent, by pumping actions of the body segments.

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There are Ocelli (simple eyes) and Compound Eyes
- Most arthropods possess ocelli, simple photo-receptors (light detecting organs). Ocelli do not form a complex image of the environment but are used to detect movement.
- The compound eye is one of two different visual organs in insects. The eye is made up of individual parts known as ommatidia and each possessing an individual lens. The compound eye does not produce a visually sharp image but gives a wide field of view and is very good at detecting movement.

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Antennae are actually the insects 'nose' - they are used for the sense of smell, very mobile.

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a. Setaceous - There are many joints. ( Cockroaches, Mayflies, Stoneflies )

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a. Setaceous - There are many joints. ( Cockroaches, Mayflies, Stoneflies )

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b. Moniliform - The round segments make the antenna look like a string of beads e.g. Beetles.

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b. Moniliform - The round segments make the antenna look like a string of beads e.g. Beetles.

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c. Serrate - the segments are angled on one side giving the appearance of a saw edge e.g. Beetles

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c. Serrate - the segments are angled on one side giving the appearance of a saw edge e.g. Beetles

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d. Pectinate - The segments are longer on one side. This gives the appearance of a comb e.g. Sawflies

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d. Pectinate - The segments are longer on one side. This gives the appearance of a comb e.g. Sawflies

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e. Clavate - the segments become wider towards the tip of the antenna. This may be gradual along its length, or a sudden increase and therefore mainly affecting the last few joints and giving the appearance of a club e.g. Butterflies & Moths and Beetles

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e. Clavate - the segments become wider towards the tip of the antenna. This may be gradual along its length, or a sudden increase and therefore mainly affecting the last few joints and giving the appearance of a club e.g. Butterflies & Moths and Beetles

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f. Lamellate - the segments towards the end are flattened and plate-like. This gives the appearance of a fan e.g. Beetles

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f. Lamellate - the segments towards the end are flattened and plate-like. This gives the appearance of a fan e.g. Beetles

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g. Geniculate - there is an abrupt bend or elbow part of the way along the antenna e.g. Ants and Beetles.

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g. Geniculate - there is an abrupt bend or elbow part of the way along the antenna e.g. Ants and Beetles.

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h. Plumose - the segments each have a number of fine thread-like branches. This gives the appearance of a feather e.g. Flies.

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h. Plumose - the segments each have a number of fine thread-like branches. This gives the appearance of a feather e.g. Flies.

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1. Labrum - a cover which may be loosely referred to as the upper lip.

2. Mandibles - hard, powerful cutting jaws.

3. Maxillae - 'pincers' which are less powerful than the mandibles. They are used to steady and manipulate the food. They have a five segmented palp which is sensory and often concerned with taste.

4. Labium - the lower cover, often referred to as the lower lip. It actually represents the fused pair of ancestral second maxillae. They have a three segmented palp which is also sensory.

5. Hypopharynx - a tongue-like structure in the floor of the mouth. The salivary glands discharge saliva through it.

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a. Honey bees-- the mandibles are very small and suitable for moulding wax, the labium is curved downwards and inwards forming a tube used for sucking up nectar.

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a. Honey bees-- the mandibles are very small and suitable for moulding wax, the labium is curved downwards and inwards forming a tube used for sucking up nectar.

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b. Butterflies and Moths - the mandibles have disappeared altogether. The maxillae are elongate, channelled along their surfaces and held together by hooks and spines to form a sucking tube. This proboscis may be very long, when not in use is carried coiled up like a watch spring under the head.

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b. Butterflies and Moths - the mandibles have disappeared altogether. The maxillae are elongate, channelled along their surfaces and held together by hooks and spines to form a sucking tube. This proboscis may be very long, when not in use is carried coiled up like a watch spring under the head.

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c. Diving beetle larvae - have a piercing and sucking arrangement. The mandibles are each curved over to form an almost closed groove along their inner surface. The prey is caught and pierced by the mandibles. Digestive juices are pumped down the groove. The food is made into a liquid. This semi-digested soup is sucked back up again through the groove.

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c. Diving beetle larvae - have a piercing and sucking arrangement. The mandibles are each curved over to form an almost closed groove along their inner surface. The prey is caught and pierced by the mandibles. Digestive juices are pumped down the groove. The food is made into a liquid. This semi-digested soup is sucked back up again through the groove.

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d.  True bugs - these also have a piercing and sucking arrangement. The labium is elongated and acts as a sheath. This encloses the mandibles and maxillae which are modified as stylets for piercing. The maxillae have two tubes running along their length on the inside surface. 'Saliva' may be pumped down one of the tubes. This saliva makes the food into a liquid. The liquified food is sucked up the other tube.

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d.  True bugs - these also have a piercing and sucking arrangement. The labium is elongated and acts as a sheath. This encloses the mandibles and maxillae which are modified as stylets for piercing. The maxillae have two tubes running along their length on the inside surface. 'Saliva' may be pumped down one of the tubes. This saliva makes the food into a liquid. The liquified food is sucked up the other tube.

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e. House-fly - the proboscis shows a capillary mechanism. The labium is elongated and forms two lobes at the tip. These lobes have a series of fine tubes (pseudotracheae). The hypopharynx runs down the proboscis and digestive juices pass down this onto the food. The food is made into a liquid by these juices. This liquid is then drawn up the pseudotracheae by capillary action.

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e. House-fly - the proboscis shows a capillary mechanism. The labium is elongated and forms two lobes at the tip. These lobes have a series of fine tubes (pseudotracheae). The hypopharynx runs down the proboscis and digestive juices pass down this onto the food. The food is made into a liquid by these juices. This liquid is then drawn up the pseudotracheae by capillary action.

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This is shown by the less highly developed insects
EGG - NYMPH - ADULT
Examples: dragonflies, grasshoppers, earwigs, cockroaches and true bugs

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Incomplete Metamorphosis: First instar nymph

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Incomplete Metamorphosis: First instar nymph

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Incomplete Metamorphosis: Third instar nymph

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Incomplete Metamorphosis: Third instar nymph

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This is shown by the more highly developed insects. The life cycle shows four stages:-
EGG - LARVA - PUPA - ADULT

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1. To distinguish the uniquely specific type of each insect
2. To find relationships between the same genus of insect
3. To discover mutual characteristics

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The number of shared features (or characteristics) gets less as we go down the list.

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The Binomial System is used by scientists all over the world. This means that the names are international. Therefore, if you write an article about Pieris brassicae, all scientists will know what species you are writing about.

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Are everyday names, can be different in different parts of the country.

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Both the adults and larvae are predators. The adults often catch prey on the wing and the larvae ambush other aquatic organisms.

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1. Dragonflies have fore and hind wings that differ in shape. The fore and hind wings of damselflies are very similar in shape.

2. At rest, a dragonfly will hold its wings open. A damselfly holds its wings together above the body.

3. Dragonflies have eyes that touch or almost touch, damselflies have eyes that are far apart on the head.

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all of them have piercing mouthparts with which they can suck the juices from plants or animals - usually plants. Their mouthparts are contained in a beak (or rostrum) which is usually held underneath the body when not in use.

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The Hemiptera are called 'true' bugs because everyone - entomologists included - tend to call all insects 'bugs'.

The Hemiptera includes four suborders:

Auchenorrhyncha

Coleorrhyncha

Heteroptera

Sternorrhyncha

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Thrips found in the British Isles are tiny insects, just 1-2mm long, but in other parts of the world they can be up to 14 mm. They have two pairs of narrow, fringed wings, although some are wingless.

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Some species of thrips, like Thrips palmi (depicted), are major crop pests.

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Insects within the Order Orthoptera are often called grasshoppers and crickets but have many other names such as locusts and katydids. Grasshoppers and crickets often posses large hind legs which they use for jumping.

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Many species are capable of "singing". In grasshoppers this is often achieved by rubbing the legs together or against the side of the body. In crickets it is often the wings that are rubbed together to make a distinctive call. Orthopterists (people specialising in the study of grasshoppers and crickets) can often identify individual species from their calls.

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The Hymenoptera are one of the most recognisable Orders of insects. The most familiar are the bees, ants and wasps because of their stings, distinctive colouration and their social habit. However there are many more species of solitary Hymenoptera than social species.

The Hymenoptera are characterised by a thin waist between the thorax and abdomen known as the petiole.

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Hymenoptera, despite our preconceptions, are extremely beneficial to man. They produce honey, pollinate crops and prey on many pest species.

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it is impossible to estimate the true number of beetle species in the world. The Order Coleoptera (or beetles) forms the largest group of insects worldwide with about 370,000 described species. In addition many others have been recognised as new but have not yet been described and a conservative estimate is that at least the same number are still awaiting discovery.

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A number of beetle species are dependant upon other insects for their survival. For example, some ground beetles (Carabidae) are known to be parasitic on the early stages of other beetles - sometimes just one particular species. Other beetles breed in the nests of various Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants).

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Scientifically, there is no real distinction between butterflies and moths; butterflies are just two of the many Lepidopteran superfamilies. However, in general, butterflies are day flying, whilst moths fly mainly at night. Butterflies are usually slimmer bodied, and have thin antennae with distinct clubs at the end. Moths have antennae of various designs, from thin and tapering to wide and 'feathery'. Feathery antennae are found in male moths, and help them to find females.

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Due to their often bright colours and association with warm sunny days, butterflies have tended to catch the popular imagination over the centuries, more than any other insects. They can even be found adorning some ancient Egyptian tombs.