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アントレプレナーシップ教育で身に付く力

アントレプレナーシップ教育を通じて、「社会の課題を見つけ、解決する力」や「夢中になれることを仕事にする力」を習得できる。人生100年時代において、自分らしいキャリアを構築していくこと。いつまでもワクワクできる人生を切り拓いていくことを目指す。（by MEXT) => このような力を身に着けることは小中高生にも有意義。新学習指導要領で推進されている探究的な学びとの親和性も高い。=>一方でグローバル人材育成を見据えて導入されたものにIBがある。IBはもともとそういうことをやっている。なので、IBの枠組みを取り入れた小中高のアントレ教育のプログラムを構想することには意味がある。それが本研究の目的である。

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公教育における概念型カリキュラムの可能性　〜

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公教育における概念型カリキュラムの可能性　〜地域教育格差を手がかりに〜

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PYPの教科横断的テーマのdiscriptionの変容の背景とそれに伴うUOIの変化

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PYPの教科横断的テーマのdiscriptionの変容の背景とそれに伴うUOIの変化

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福山文子(2016)『「移動する子どもたち」の異文化適応と教師の教育戦略』八千代出版

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福山文子(2016)『「移動する子どもたち」の異文化適応と教師の教育戦略』八千代出版

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僻地の学生のキャリアパス

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僻地の学生のキャリアパス

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僻地だからこそあるUターンを見据えたキャリアパス

・Uターン率はどれくらいなのか

・僻地の高校生の進路先の情報が少ないのではないか（高校生の頭の中を理解したい）

・他地域の僻地教育との比較（北海道鹿追の学校、他の地域未来留学の学校）

・都会の地域とのキャリアパスの違い

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IB資料(1)　Transdisciplinary theme descriptor review　development report

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IB資料(1)　Transdisciplinary theme descriptor review　development report

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IB資料(2): Exploring the Transdisciplinary theme descriptors(Part 1)

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IB資料(2): Exploring the Transdisciplinary theme descriptors(Part 1)

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IB Exchange Exploring TDT Descriptors Eng Slides 25 Nov 24

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IB資料(3): PYP subject guidance deep dive 

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IB資料(3): PYP subject guidance deep dive 

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Global Education Continuum: Merits and Demerits for Mobile Children | Elicit

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日本の僻地生活の探求 | Elicit

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Tye, KA and Kniep, WA. 1991. ‘‘Global education around the world’’. Educational Leadership. Vol 48,
April issue. Pp 47--49.

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Tye, KA and Kniep, WA. 1991. ‘‘Global education around the world’’. Educational Leadership. Vol 48,
April issue. Pp 47--49.

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IB資料(1)の参考文献に載っていたものです

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Tye, KA and Kniep, WA. 1991. ‘‘Global education around the world’’. 

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International Commission on the Futures of Education. 2021. Reimagining our futures together: a

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International Commission on the Futures of Education. 2021. Reimagining our futures together: a

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new social contract for education. UNESCO ICFE. 2021.

IB資料(1) 参考文献掲載

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Enhancing Student Well-Being through Sexual Education in IB | Elicit

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Measuring Educational Effectiveness by Teaching Methods | Elicit

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包括的セクシュアリティ教育におけるウェルビーイングの観点を用いた「性の多様性」を主題とするPYPのユニットプラン開発

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包括的セクシュアリティ教育におけるウェルビーイングの観点を用いた「性の多様性」を主題とするPYPのユニットプラン開発

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Reconceptualizing international mindedness in and for a posthuman world

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Reconceptualizing international mindedness in and for a posthuman world

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この文書がPYP新TDTに与えた影響は? とPerplexityに聞いたところ、下記の答えでした。

Influences on PYP Transdisciplinary Themes

1. Global Perspective
The article emphasizes the importance of developing a global perspective in students. This aligns closely with the PYP's transdisciplinary theme of "Where We Are in Place and Time," which encourages students to explore their relationship with and interconnectedness in local and global communities.

2. Cultural Understanding
The focus on cultural understanding and intercultural competence in GCE influences the PYP theme "Who We Are," which explores the nature of self and culture.

3. Social Justice and Equity
The article's discussion on social justice and equity in GCE relates to the PYP theme "Sharing the Planet," which examines rights and responsibilities in the struggle for equal opportunities.

4. Environmental Awareness
The emphasis on environmental issues in GCE connects with the PYP theme "Sharing the Planet," which includes a focus on communities and the relationships within and between them, as well as access to equal opportunities.

5. Critical Thinking and Inquiry
The article's mention of critical thinking skills in GCE aligns with the PYP's overall approach to inquiry-based learning, which is embedded in all transdisciplinary themes.

6. Action and Agency
The focus on active citizenship and taking responsible action in GCE influences the PYP theme "How We Express Ourselves," which explores ways in which we discover and express ideas, feelings, nature, culture, beliefs, and values.

7. Interconnectedness
The article's emphasis on understanding global interconnectedness relates to the PYP theme "How the World Works," which examines the natural world and its laws, including the interaction between the natural world and human societies.

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Reconceptualizing international mindedness in and for a posthuman world

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地域みらい留学政策は、主に内閣府が主体となって推進しています。具体的には、内閣府地方創生推進室が「高校生の地域留学推進のための高校魅力化支援事業」を実施しています。この事業は、将来的な関係人口の創出・拡大を目指し、高等学校段階における「地域留学」を推進するため、全国から高校生が集まるような高等学校の魅力化に取り組む地方公共団体を支援するものです。

内閣府は、地方公共団体が高等学校や大学、企業、地域住民等と一体となって高等学校の魅力化を進め、地域留学の推進に取り組む地方公共団体の取組に対し、補助金の交付により支援しています6。また、留学生の受入れに係る広報や募集の調整は、「地域みらい留学365」の中で内閣府が委託業務を通じて一元的に行っています　　(Perplexity AIより)

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高校生の地域留学推進のための高校魅力化支援事業 - 新しい地方経済・生活環境創生本部事務局

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将来的な関係人口の創出・拡大を目指し、高等学校段階における「地域留学」を推進するため、全国から高校生が集まるような高等学校の魅力化に取り組む地方公共団体を支援します。 ※本事業における「地域留学」とは、高校生が在学する高等学校とは別の地域の高等学校において、１学年を過ごすことを指します。

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地域みらい留学 | 地域みらい留学

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やりたいことと自分らしさが見つかる 、地方への高校進学という選択肢。住む場所を変えれば、出会う人も変わる。学ぶ場所を変えれば、新しい世界が見える。

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高校生の「地域留学」の推進のための

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高校生の「地域留学」の推進のための

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高校魅力化 の支援について

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高校生の「地域留学」の推進のための 高校魅力化 の支援について

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STUDENT, TEACHER AND SCHOOL OUTCOMES

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地元志向がキャリア意識および保護者とのかかわりに

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地元志向がキャリア意識および保護者とのかかわりに

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与える影響

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地元志向がキャリア意識および保護者とのかかわりに 与える影響

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3 tips for talking to kids with ADHD who are discovering their queer identity

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3 tips for talking to kids with ADHD who are discovering their queer identity

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LGBTQIA+ and ADHD: Ways to Support Your Child

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Kids with ADHD can also identify somewhere on the LGBTQIA+ spectrum. Tips from a queer, neurodivergent educator on how to talk with your child about gender and sexuality. Learn how to be their ally.

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就職にかかる指導、制度・慣行等の今後の在り方

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就職にかかる指導、制度・慣行等の今後の在り方

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２ 就職にかかる指導、制度・慣行等の今後の在り方

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２ 就職にかかる指導、制度・慣行等の今後の在り方

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専門職としての教師の資本: 21世紀を革新する教師・学校・教育政策のグランドデザイン 単行本 – 2022/1/19

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専門職としての教師の資本: 21世紀を革新する教師・学校・教育政策のグランドデザイン 単行本 – 2022/1/19

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アンディ・ハーグリーブス (著), マイケル・フラン (著), 木村優 (監修, 翻訳)

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アンディ・ハーグリーブス (著), マイケル・フラン (著), 木村優 (監修, 翻訳), 篠原岳司 (監修, 翻訳), 秋田喜代美 (監修, 翻訳) & 2 more

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専門職としての教師の資本: 21世紀を革新する教師・学校・教育政策のグランドデザイン

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Amazon.co.jp: 専門職としての教師の資本: 21世紀を革新する教師・学校・教育政策のグランドデザイン : アンディ・ハーグリーブス, マイケル・フラン, 木村優, 篠原岳司, 秋田喜代美, 木村優, 篠原岳司, 秋田喜代美: Japanese Books

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Key findings from research on the impact of

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Key findings from research on the impact of

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A global study of 23,575 PYP and MYP students found that IB students outperformed non-IB peers on international assessments in math, reading, narrative writing, and expository writing across most grade levels the IB Primary Years Programme

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A classroom observation tool for scaffolding reading

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A classroom observation tool for scaffolding reading

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comprehension

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Inequalities in Study Abroad and Student Mobility

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Inequalities in Study Abroad and Student Mobility

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Inequalities in Study Abroad and Student Mobility | Navigating Challen

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Bringing together a range of contributions from diverse international scholars, this edited volume explores issues of inequality in student mobility to

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【資料2】教職ポートフォリオについて

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本校の教育目標 - 西原村立山西小学校

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令和６年度　山西小の教育

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Bullshit Jobs

What Is a Bullshit Job?

are one hundred to five hundred kilometers [62-310 miles] away from my home, so I will get a rental car. I take the rental car, drive to the barracks, let dispatch know that I arrived, fill out a form, unhook the computer, load the computer into a box, seal the box, have a guy from the logistics firm carry the box to the next room, where I unseal the box, fill out another form, hook up the computer, call dispatch to tell them how long I took, get a couple of signatures, take my rental car back home, send dispatch a letter with all of the paperwork and then get paid.convince himself there's a good reason for him to be doing it. He might not be able to admit this to his coworkers-often there are very good reasons not to do so. But he is convinced the job is pointless nonetheless.genteel, varieties of madness-as Kurt's story shows. I need hardly point out the irony in the fact that Kurt was, ultimately, working for the German military. The German military has been accused of many things over the years, but inefficiency was rarely one of them. Still, a rising tide of bullshit soils all boats. In the twenty-first century, even panzer divisions have come to be surrounded by a vast penumbra of sub-, sub-sub-, and sub-sub-subcontractors; tank commanders are obliged to perform complex and exotic bureaucratic rituals in order to move equipment from one room to another, even as those providing the paperwork secretly post elaborate complaints to blogs about how idiotic the whole thing is.
Let us begin with what might be considered a paradigmatic example of a bullshit job.

So let this stand as an initial provisional definition:

Similar stories about the public sector appear at regular intervals. One popular one is about postal carriers who decide that rather than delivering the mail, they prefer to dump it in closets, sheds, or Dumpsters-with the result that tons of letters and packages pile up for years without anyone figuring it out.

If these cases are anything to go by, the main difference between the public and private sectors is not that either is more, or less, likely to generate pointless work. It does not even necessarily lie in the kind of pointless work each tends to generate. The main difference is that pointless work in the private sector is likely to be far more closely supervised. This is not always the case. As we'll learn, the number of employees of banks, pharmaceutical companies, and engineering firms allowed to spend most of their time updating their Facebook profiles is surprisingly high. Still, in the private sector, there are limits. If Kurt were to simply walk off the job to take up the study of his favorite seventeenth-century Jewish philosopher, he would be swiftly relieved of his position. If the Cadiz Water Board had been privatized, Joaquin Garcia might well still have been deprived of responsibilities by managers who disliked him, but he would have been expected to sit at his desk and pretend to work every day anyway, or find alternate employment.

I will leave readers to decide for themselves whether such a state of affairs should be considered an improvement.

It's stories like these, of course, that inspire politicians all over the world to call for a larger role for the private sector-where, it is always claimed, such abuses would not occur. And while it is true so far that we have not heard any stories of FedEx or UPS employees stowing their parcels in garden sheds, privatization generates its own, often much less
Provisional Definition: a bullshit job is a form of employment that is so completely pointless, unnecessary, or pernicious that even the employee cannot justify its existence.

Some jobs are so pointless that no one even notices if the person who has the job vanishes. This usually happens in the public sector:

Spanish Civil Servant Skips Work for Six Years to Study Spinoza

-Jewish Times, February 26, 2016

A Spanish civil servant who collected a salary for at least six years without working used the time to become an expert on the writings of Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza, Spanish media reported.

A court in Cadiz in southern Spain last month ordered Joaquin Garcia, sixty-nine, to pay approximately $30,000 in fines for failing to show up for work at the water board, Agua de Cadiz, where Garcia was employed as an engineer since 1996, the news site
So instead of the soldier carrying his computer for five meters, two people drive for a combined six to ten hours, fill out around fifteen pages of paperwork, and waste a good four hundred euros of taxpayers' money.

Kurt works for a subcontractor for the German military. Or . . . actually, he is employed by a subcontractor of a subcontractor of a subcontractor for the German military. Here is how he describes his work:

The German military has a subcontractor that does their IT work.

The IT firm has a subcontractor that does their logistics.

The logistics firm has a subcontractor that does their personnel management, and I work for that company.

Let's say soldier A moves to an office two rooms farther down the hall. Instead of just carrying his computer over there, he has to fill out a form.

The IT subcontractor will get the form, people will read it and approve it, and forward it to the logistics firm.

The logistics firm will then have to approve the moving down the hall and will request personnel from us.

The office people in my company will then do whatever they do, and now I come in.

I get an email: "Be at barracks B at time C." Usually these barracks euronews.com This story made headlines in Spain. At a time when the country was undergoing severe austerity and high unemployment, it seemed outrageous that there were civil servants who could skip work for years without anybody noticing. Garcia's defense, however, is not without merit. He explained that while he had worked for many years dutifully monitoring the city's water treatment plant, the water board eventually came under the control of higher-ups who loathed him for his Socialist politics and refused to assign him any responsibilities. He found this situation so demoralizing that he was eventually obliged to seek clinical help for depression. Finally, and with the concurrence of his therapist, he decided that rather than just continue to sit around all day pretending to look busy, he would convince the water board he was being supervised by the municipality, and the municipality that he was being supervised by the water board, check in if there was a problem, but otherwise just go home and do something useful with his life. David Foster Wallace's novel The Pale King, about life inside an Internal Revenue Service office in Peoria, Illinois, goes even further: it culminates in an auditor dying at his desk and remaining propped in his chair for days before anyone notices. This seems pure absurdist caricature, but in 2002, something almost exactly like this did happen in Helsinki. A Finnish tax auditor working in a closed office sat dead at his desk for more than forty-eight hours while thirty colleagues carried on around him. "People thought he wanted to work in peace, and no one disturbed him," remarked his supervisor-which, if you think about it, is actually rather thoughtful.

why a mafia hit man is not a good example of a bullshit job

disappear, would make no difference whatsoever. Above all, these are jobs that the holders themselves feel should not exist.)the employee cannot justify its existence even though, as part of the conditions of employment, the employee feels obliged to pretend that this is not the case.
To recap: what I am calling "bullshit jobs" are jobs that are primarily or entirely made up of tasks that the person doing that job considers to be pointless, unnecessary, or even pernicious. Jobs that, were they to

Contemporary capitalism seems riddled with such jobs. As I mentioned in the preface, a YouGov poll found that in the United Kingdom only 50 percent of those who had full-time jobs were entirely sure their job made any sort of meaningful contribution to the world, and 37 percent were quite sure it did not. A poll by the firm Schouten & Nelissen carried out in Holland put the latter number as high as 40 percent. If you think about it, these are staggering statistics. After all, a very large percentage of jobs involves doing things that no one could possibly see as pointless. One must assume that the percentage of nurses, bus drivers, dentists, street cleaners, farmers, music teachers, repairmen, gardeners, firefighters, set designers, plumbers, journalists, safety inspectors, musicians, tailors, and school crossing guards who checked "no" to the question "Does your job make any meaningful difference in the world?" was approximately zero. My own research suggests that store clerks, restaurant workers, and other low-level service providers rarely see themselves as having bullshit jobs, either. Many service workers hate their jobs; but even those who do are aware that what they do does make some sort of meaningful difference in the world. This allows us to refine our definition. Bullshit jobs are not just jobs that are useless or pernicious; typically, there has to be some degree of pretense and fraud involved as well. The jobholder must feel obliged to pretend that there is, in fact, a good reason why her job exists, even if, privately, she finds such claims ridiculous. There has to be some kind of gap between pretense and reality. (This makes sense etymologically : "bullshitting" is, after all, a form of dishonesty. they are just miniature, illicit versions of the same feudal tradition, being originally enforcers for local landlords in Sicily who have over time come to operate on their own hook.

So we might make a second pass:

Provisional Definition 2: a bullshit job is a form of employment that is so completely pointless, unnecessary, or pernicious that even the employee cannot justify its existence even though the employee feels obliged to pretend that this is not the case.

Of course, there is another reason why hit man should not be considered a bullshit job. The hit man is not personally convinced his job should not exist. Most mafiosi believe they are part of an ancient and honorable tradition that is a value in its own right, whether or not it contributes to the larger social good. This is, incidentally, the reason why "feudal overlord" is not a bullshit job, either. Kings, earls, emperors, pashas, emirs, squires, zamindars, landlords, and the like might, arguably, be useless people; many of us would insist (and I would be inclined to agree) that they play pernicious roles in human affairs. But they don't think so. So unless the king is secretly a Marxist, or a Republican, one can say confidently that "king" is not a bullshit job.

This is a useful point to bear in mind because most people who do a great deal of harm in the world are protected against the knowledge that they do so. Or they allow themselves to believe the endless accretion of paid flunkies and yes-men that inevitably assemble around them to come up with reasons why they are really doing good. (Nowadays, these are sometimes referred to as think tanks.) This is just as true of financial-speculating investment bank CEOs as it is of military strongmen in countries such as North Korea and Azerbaijan. Mafiosi families are unusual perhaps because they make few such pretensions-but in the end, No one is actually paying the burglar regular wages or a salary to break into people's homes. For this reason, one cannot say that burglar is, precisely, a job, either.

on the importance of the subjective element, and also, why it can be assumed that those who believe they have bullshit jobs are generally correct

But it's been my experience that any underling who works for the same outfit for any length of time-say, a year or two-will normally be taken aside and let in on the company secrets. With the higher-ups, that's not always clear. One frequent theme I encountered in my research was of underlings wondering in effect, "Does my supervisor actually know that I spend eighty percent of my time designing cat memes? Are they just pretending not to notice, or are they actually unaware?" And since the higher up the chain of command you are, the more reason people have to hide things from you, the worse this situation tends to become.Even if it were possible to conduct a poll of lobbyists or financial consultants, it's not clear how many would give honest answers. When I spoke in broad strokes about useless industries in the original essay, I did so on the assumption that lobbyists and financial consultants are, in fact, largely aware of their uselessness-indeed, that many if not most of them are haunted by the knowledge that nothing of value would be lost to the world were their jobs simply to disappear.about people who have come to believe their own propagandists. Really we're just talking about a bunch of crooks.Shit jobs tend to be blue collar and pay by the hour, whereas bullshit jobs tend to be white collar and salaried. Those who work shit jobs tend to be the object of indignities; they not only work hard but also are held in low esteem for that very reason. But at least they know they're doing something useful. Those who work bullshit jobs are often surrounded by honor and prestige; they are respected as professionals, well paid, and treated as high achievers-as the sort of people who can be justly proud of what they do. Yet secretly they are aware that they have achieved nothing; they feel they have done nothing to earn the consumer toys with which they fill their lives; they feel it's all based on a lie-as, indeed, it is.
This, I think, is a serviceable definition; good enough, anyway, for the purposes of this book.

Often it's pretty obvious why this should be the case: if an office worker is really spending 80 percent of her time designing cat memes, her coworkers in the next cubicle may or may not be aware of what's going on, but there's no way that she is going to be under any illusions about what she's doing. But even in more complicated cases, where it's a question of how much the worker really contributes to an organization, I think it's safe to assume the worker knows best. I'm aware this position will be taken as controversial in certain quarters. Executives and other bigwigs will often insist that most people who work for a large corporation don't fully understand their contributions, since the big picture can be seen only from the top. I am not saying this is entirely untrue: frequently there are some parts of the larger context that lower-level workers cannot see or simply

These are two profoundly different forms of oppression. I certainly wouldn't want to equate them; few people I know would trade in a pointless middle-management position for a job as a ditchdigger, even if they knew that the ditches really did need to be dug. (I do know people who quit such jobs to become cleaners, though, and are quite happy that they did.) All I wish to emphasize here is that each is indeed oppressive in its own way.
Another distinction that's important to bear in mind is between jobs that are pointless and jobs that are merely bad. I will refer to the latter as "shit jobs," since people often do.

The only reason I bring up the matter is because the two are so often confused-which is odd, because they're in no way similar. In fact, they might almost be considered opposites. Bullshit jobs often pay quite well and tend to offer excellent working conditions. They're just pointless. Shit jobs are usually not at all bullshit; they typically involve work that needs to be done and is clearly of benefit to society; it's just that the workers who do them are paid and treated badly.

Some jobs, of course, are intrinsically unpleasant but fulfilling in other ways. (There's an old joke about the man whose job it was to clean up elephant dung after the circus. No matter what he did, he couldn't get the smell off his body. He'd change his clothes, wash his hair, scrub himself endlessly, but he still reeked, and women tended to avoid him. An old friend finally asked him, "Why do you do this to yourself? There are so many other jobs you could do." The man answered, "What? And give up show business!?") These jobs can be considered neither shit nor bullshit, whatever the content of the work. Other jobs-ordinary cleaning, for example-are in no sense inherently degrading, but they can easily be made so.

The cleaners at my current university, for instance, are treated very badly. As in most universities these days, their work has been outsourced. They are employed not directly by the school but by an agency, the name of which is emblazoned on the purple uniforms they wear. They are paid little, obliged to work with dangerous chemicals that often damage their hands or otherwise force them to have to take time off to recover (for which time they are not compensated), and generally treated with arbitrariness and disrespect. There is no particular reason that cleaners have to be treated in such an abusive fashion. But at the very least, they take some pride in knowing-and, in fact, I can attest, for the most part do take pride in knowing-that buildings do need to be cleaned, and, therefore, without them, the business of the university could not go on.
So there you have it. If Sachs was right-and honestly, who is in a better position to know?-then at the commanding heights of the financial system, we're not actually talking about bullshit jobs. We're not even talking
I could be wrong. It is possible that corporate lobbyists or financial consultants genuinely subscribe to a theory of social value that holds their work to be essential to the health and prosperity of the nation. It is possible they therefore sleep securely in their beds, confident that their work is a blessing for everyone around them. I don't know, but I suspect this is more likely to be true as one moves up the food chain, since it would appear to be a general truth that the more harm a category of powerful people do in the world, the more yes-men and propagandists will tend to accumulate around them, coming up with reasons why they are really doing good-and the more likely it is that at least some of those powerful people will believe them.
Sticklers will no doubt raise objections here too. They might ask: How can one actually know for sure what the majority of people working in an industry secretly think? And the answer is that obviously, you can't.
The real sticky problem comes in when it's a question of whether certain kinds of work (say, telemarketing, market research, consulting) are bullshit-that is, whether they can be said to produce any sort of positive social value. Here, all I'm saying is that it's best to defer to the judgment of those who do that kind of work. Social value, after all, is largely just what people think it is. In which case, who else is in a better position to judge? In this instance, I'd say: if the preponderance of those engaged in a certain occupation privately believe their work is of no social value, one should proceed along the assumption they are right.
True, there are exceptions. Sometimes managers intentionally break up tasks in such a way that the workers don't really understand how their efforts contribute to the overall enterprise. Banks will often do this. I've even heard examples of factories in America where many of the line workers were unaware of what the plant was actually making; though in such cases, it almost always turned out to be because the owners had intentionally hired people who didn't speak English. Still, in those cases, workers tend to assume that their jobs are useful; they just don't know how. Generally speaking, I think employees can be expected to know what's going on in an office or on a shop floor, and, certainly, to understand how their work does, or does not, contribute to the enterprise-at least, better than anybody else.
The attentive reader may have noticed one remaining ambiguity. The definition is mainly subjective. I define a bullshit job as one that the worker considers to be pointless, unnecessary, or pernicious-but I also suggest that the worker is correct. I'm assuming there is an underlying reality here. One really has to make this assumption because otherwise we'd be stuck with accepting that the exact same job could be bullshit one day and nonbullshit the next, depending on the vagaries of some fickle worker's mood. All I'm really saying here is that since there is such a thing as social value, as apart from mere market value, but since no one has ever figured out an adequate way to measure it, the worker's perspective is about as close as one is likely to get to an accurate assessment of the situation. aren't told about. This is especially true if the company is up to anything illegal. Hard labor, as it is now carried on, presents no interest to the convict; but it has its utility. The convict makes bricks, digs the earth, builds; and all his occupations have a meaning and an end. Sometimes the prisoner may even take an interest in what he is doing. He then wishes to work more skillfully, more advantageously. But let him be constrained to pour water from one vessel into another, to pound sand, to move a heap of earth from one place to another, and then immediately move it back again, then I am persuaded that at the end of a few days, the prisoner would hang himself or commit a thousand capital crimes, preferring rather to die than endure such humiliation, shame, and torture.

on the common misconception that bullshit jobs are confined largely to the public sector

In each case, I think it's fair to trust that those who have these jobs know best which category they belong to. What I'd like to do next, before turning to the typology, is to clear up a few common misconceptions. If you toss out the notion of bullshit jobs to someone who hasn't heard the term before, that person may assume you're really talking about shit jobs. But if you clarify, he is likely to fall back on one of two common stereotypes: he may assume you're talking about government bureaucrats. Or, if he's a fan of Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, he may assume you're talking about hairdressers. FedEx and UPS delivery workers have backbreaking schedules designed with "scientific" efficiency. In the upper echelons of those same companies, things are not the same. We can, if we like, trace this back to the key weakness in the managerial cult of efficiency-its Achilles' heel, if you will. When managers began trying to come up with scientific studies of the most time- and energy-efficient ways to deploy human labor, they never applied those same techniques to themselves-or if they did, the effect appears to have been the opposite of what they intended. As a result, the same period that saw the most ruthless application of speed-ups and downsizing in the blue-collar sector also brought a rapid multiplication of meaningless managerial and administrative posts in almost all large firms. It's as if businesses were endlessly trimming the fat on the shop floor and using the resulting savings to acquire even more unnecessary workers in the offices upstairs. (As we'll see, in some companies, this was literally the case.) The end result was that, just as Socialist regimes had created millions of dummy proletarian jobs, capitalist regimes somehow ended up presiding over the creation of millions of dummy white-collar jobs instead.
So far, we have established three broad categories of jobs: useful jobs (which may or may not be shit jobs), bullshit jobs, and a small but ugly penumbra of jobs such as gangsters, slumlords, top corporate lawyers, or hedge fund CEOs, made up of people who are basically just selfish bastards and don't really pretend to be anything else.

Let me deal with the bureaucrats first, since it's the easiest to address. I doubt anyone would deny that there are plenty of useless bureaucrats in the world. What's significant to me, though, is that nowadays, useless bureaucrats seem just as rife in the private sector as in the public sector. You are as likely to encounter an exasperating little man in a suit reading out incomprehensible rules and regulations in a bank or mobile phone outlet than in the passport office or zoning board. Even more, public and private bureaucracies have become so increasingly entangled that it's often very difficult to tell them apart. That's one reason I started this chapter the way I did, with the story of a man working for a private firm contracting with the German military. Not only did it highlight how wrong it is to assume that bullshit jobs exist largely in government bureaucracies, but also it illustrates how "market reforms" almost invariably create more bureaucracy, not less. bottom of the pyramid, the ones who are actually making, maintaining, fixing, or transporting things. Anyone forced to wear a uniform in the exercise of his daily labors, for instance, is likely to be hard-pressed.

We'll examine how this happened in detail later in the book. For now, let me just emphasize that almost all the dynamics we will be describing happen equally in the public and private sectors, and that this is hardly surprising, considering that today, the two sectors are almost impossible to tell apart.

why hairdressers are a poor example of a bullshit job

female) administrative staff. Now, clearly, many such administrative jobs are indeed bullshit by the definition developed here, but the assumption that it's mainly women who end up in bullshit jobs is not only sexist but also represents, to my mind, a profound ignorance of how most offices actually work. It's far more likely that the (female) administrative assistant for a (male) vice dean or "Strategic Network Manager" is the only person doing any real work in that office, and that it's her boss who might as well be lounging around in his office playing World of Warcraft, or very possibly, actually is."It says 'Golgafrincham Ark Fleet, Ship B, Hold Seven, Telephone Sanitizer, Second Class'-and a serial number." and while advertising executives and used-car salesmen do-and are indeed professions society could arguably be better off without-for some reason, when Douglas Adams aficionados recall the story, it's always the hairdressers they remember.
If one common reaction is to blame government, another is, oddly, to blame women. Once you put aside the notion that you're only talking about government bureaucrats, many will assume you must be talking above all about secretaries, receptionists, and various sorts of (typically

I will be honest here. I have no particular bone to pick with Douglas Adams; in fact, I have a fondness for all manifestations of humorous British seventies sci-fi; but nonetheless, I find this particular fantasy alarmingly condescending. First of all, the list is not really a list of useless professions at all. It's a list of the sort of people a middle-class bohemian living in Islington around that time would find mildly annoying. Does that mean that they deserve to die?
Now, it's obvious why this story might seem relevant to those who first hear of bullshit jobs, but the list is actually quite odd. For one thing, professional telephone sanitizers don't really exist,

It's hard to deny the power of her argument. (One might add that the mutual contempt between service provider and service user in the sex industry is often far greater than what one might expect to find in even the fanciest boutique.) The only objection I could really raise here is that her argument might not go far enough. It's not so much that stripper is a bullshit job, perhaps, but that this situation shows us to be living in a bullshit society.
"A telephone sanitizer?" said Arthur. "A dead telephone sanitizer?"

"Best kind."

"But what's he doing here?"

Ford peered through the top at the figure within.

"Not a lot," he said, and suddenly flashed one of those grins of his which always made people think he'd been overdoing things recently and should try to get some rest.

He scampered over to another sarcophagus. A moment's brisk towel work, and he announced:

"This one's a dead hairdresser. Hoopy!"

The next sarcophagus revealed itself to be the last resting place of an advertising account executive; the one after that contained a secondhand car salesman, third class.
I will return to this dynamic in the next chapter when we examine the role of flunkies; here I will just emphasize that we do have statistical evidence in this regard. While the YouGov survey didn't break down its results by occupation, which is a shame, it did break them down by gender. The result was to reveal that men are far more likely to feel that their jobs are pointless (42 percent) than women do (32 percent). Again, it seems reasonable to assume that they are right. Before moving on, then, let us reflect on the status of hairdressers. Why is a hairdresser not a bullshit job? Well, the most obvious reason is precisely because most hairdressers do not believe it to be one. To cut and style hair makes a demonstrable difference in the world, and the notion that it is unnecessary vanity is purely subjective: Who is to say whose judgment of the intrinsic value of hairstyling is correct? Adams's first novel, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, which became something of a cultural phenomenon, was published in 1979. I well remember, as a teenager in New York in that year, observing how small crowds would often gather outside the barbershop on Astor Place to watch punk rockers get elaborate purple mohawks. Was Douglas Adams suggesting those giving them the mohawks also deserved to die, or just those hairdressers whose style sense he did not appreciate? In working-class communities, hair parlors often serve as gathering places; women of a certain age and background are known to spend hours at the neighborhood hair parlor, which becomes a place to swap local news and gossip. pretty much all of the second, were convinced they were basically engaged in scams. The final example is more complicated and probably moves us into territory that extends beyond the precise confines of "bullshit job" into something more pernicious, but I think it's worth taking note of nonetheless. While I was conducting research, a number of women wrote to me or told me about their time as pole dancers, Playboy Club bunnies, frequenters of "Sugar Daddy" websites and the like, and suggested that such occupations should be mentioned in my book. The most compelling argument to this effect was from a former exotic dancer, now professor, who made a case that most sex work should be considered a bullshit job because, while she acknowledged that sex work clearly did answer a genuine consumer demand, something was terribly, terribly wrong with any society that effectively tells the vast majority of its female population they are worth more dancing on boxes between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five than they will be at any subsequent point in their lives, whatever their talents or accomplishments. If the same woman can make five times as much money stripping as she could teaching as a world-recognized scholar, could not the stripping job be considered bullshit simply on that basis?

on the difference between partly bullshit jobs, mostly bullshit jobs, and purely and entirely bullshit jobs

mostly bullshit jobs, and purely and entirely bullshit jobs. This just happens to be a book about the latter (or, to be precise, about entirely or overwhelmingly bullshit jobs-not mostly bullshit jobs, where the meter hovers anywhere near 50 percent).Figure 1cited earlier. If 37 percent to 40 percent of jobs are completely pointless, and at least 50 percent of the work done in nonpointless office jobs is equally pointless, we can probably conclude that at least half of all work being done in our society could be eliminated without making any real difference at all. Actually, the number is almost certainly higher, because this would not even be taking into consideration second-order bullshit jobs: real jobs done in support of those engaged in bullshit. (I'll discuss these in chapter 2.) We could easily become societies of leisure and institute a twenty-hour workweek. Maybe even a fifteen-hour week. Instead, we find ourselves, as a society, condemned to spending most of our time at work, performing tasks that we feel make no difference in the world whatsoever.
Finally, I must very briefly address the inevitable question: What about jobs that are just partly bullshit?

In the rest of this book, I will explore how we ended up in this alarming state of affairs.

In no sense am I denying that the bullshitization of all aspects of the economy is a critically important social issue. Simply consider the figures

However inexorable, the process of bullshitization is highly inconsistent. It has, for obvious reasons, affected middle-class employment more than working-class employment, and within the working class, it has been traditionally female, caregiving work that has been the main target of bullshitization: many nurses, for instance, complained to me that as much as 80 percent of their time is now taken up with paperwork, meetings, and the like, while truck drivers and bricklayers still carry on largely unaffected. In this area, we do have some statistics.
This is a tough one because there are very few jobs that don't involve at least a few pointless or idiotic elements. To some degree, this is probably just the inevitable side effect of the workings of any complex organization. Still, it's clear there is a problem and the problem is getting worse. I don't think I know anyone who has had the same job for thirty years or more who doesn't feel that the bullshit quotient has increased over the time he or she has been doing it. I might add that this is certainly true of my own work as a professor. Teachers in higher education spend increasing amounts of time filling out administrative paperwork. This can actually be documented, since one of the pointless tasks we are asked to do (and never used to be asked to do) is to fill out quarterly time allocation surveys in which we record precisely how much time each week we spend on administrative paperwork. All indications suggest that this trend is gathering steam. As the French version of Slate magazine noted in 2013, "la bullshitisation de l'économie n'en est qu'à ses débuts." (The bullshitization of the economy has only just begun.)

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From bestselling writer David Graeber, a powerful argument against the rise of meaningless, unfulfilling jobs, and their consequences. Does your job make a meaningful contribution to the world? In the spring of 2013, David Graeber asked this question in a playful, provocative essay titled "On th...

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高校魅力化における「地域の特色を生かした教育」のあり方を考える

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高校魅力化における「地域の特色を生かした教育」のあり方を考える

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https://core.ac.uk/download/287917325.pdf

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『人口減少社会と高校魅力化プロジェクト　地域人材育成の教育社会学』

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『人口減少社会と高校魅力化プロジェクト　地域人材育成の教育社会学』

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https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/gakusyusyakai/14/0/14_110/_pdf/-char/ja

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IBDP Japanese A 言語（と文学）における深いディスカッションを導き出す足場かけのための授業活動の手法とその効果の検討

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IBDP Japanese A 言語（と文学）における深いディスカッションを導き出す足場かけのための授業活動の手法とその効果の検討

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ある先生のIBDP Japanese Aの単元における授業活動の手法の効果を分析する。これを行うことで、どのような授業活動をすればいいのか、どのように意図して授業活動を仕掛ければいいのかわからない教師が、達成したい目的に合わせた手法は何か、その手法の効果を最大限に引き出すにはどうすればいいかわかる。

問題点

・事例集はなかなか見つけられない。

・効果があったってどのように測るのか。

・そもそも効果があったなんて事例集を眺めてもわからない。

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学校より - 西原村立山西小学校

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吹く風も冷たくなり、登下校時に長袖を着用する子供が多くなってきました。毎年、この時期に開催している校内持久走大会を、今年は１２月８日に開催します。子供たちも大会に向けて体育の時間の練習を頑張っています。

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カリキュラムの連続性が移動する子どもたちにもたらす利益（と不利益）

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カリキュラムの連続性が移動する子どもたちにもたらす利益（と不利益）

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修正版グラウンテッド・セオリー・アフローチ

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修正版グラウンテッド・セオリー・アフローチ

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を活用した研究の進め方