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Actively defining values and creating products. Inter- depending processes of past, present and future -> cultural identity for development, understanding history as a holistic process

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Cultural heritage: Traditional music

Architectural heritage: Historical buildings and landmarks

Natural heritage: Protected landscapes

Oral heritage: Histories passed down through generations.

Religious heritage: Sacred sites

Culinary heritage: Traditional foods

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Collective identity refers to the shared sense of belonging and connection that arises from a group's common interests, experiences, and solidarities.

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Heritage is the traditions, culture, and things from the past that are shared and passed down through generations.

Heritage is essentially the rich tapestry of history and culture that we inherit from those who came before us. It includes everything from traditions and stories to buildings, art, and natural landscapes that hold meaning for a community or society. Heritage is what connects us to our roots, helping us understand who we are and where we come from. It shapes our identity and influences how we see the world, as it embodies the values, beliefs, and experiences of past generations.

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1. Museum Tourism in Paris, France: Paris is one of the most renowned cultural tourism destinations globally, attracting a large number of visitors to world-class museums such as the Louvre and the Musée d’Orsay. Cultural tourists not only visit art exhibitions but also engage in cultural activities, exploring the city’s rich history and artistic heritage (Richards, 2018).

2. Minority Cultural Tourism in Yunnan, China: Yunnan Province is famous for its rich minority cultures, attracting many tourists. Visitors can experience the local minority lifestyle, participate in traditional festivals, and learn about Yunnan’s unique customs and traditions. This type of cultural tourism not only promotes local economic development but also fosters cultural preservation (Su & Wall, 2009).

3.Chengdu, with a history of over 3,000 years, is a key cultural hub in China, rich in historical sites that reflect its significance. One notable landmark is Du Fu Thatched Cottage, the former residence of Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu, where visitors can experience traditional Chinese architecture and appreciate his literary contributions (Wang, 2018). Another important site is Wuhou Temple, dedicated to Zhuge Liang, the renowned prime minister of the Shu Han kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period, symbolizing the city's deep connection to this era (Li, 2020). These sites, along with others like the Jinsha Site Museum, showcase Chengdu's vibrant cultural and historical heritage.

APA Citations:

Richards, G. (2018). Cultural tourism: A review of recent research and trends. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.03.005

Su, M., & Wall, G. (2009). The influence of tourism development on minority cultures: A case study of Yunnan, China. Tourism Management, 30(3), 525-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.10.019

Li, Z. (2020). Wuhou Temple and the legacy of Zhuge Liang in Chinese history. Chengdu Cultural Journal, 12(3), 45-56.

Wang, H. (2018). Du Fu and the cultural significance of his Chengdu residence. Tang Dynasty Poets Review, 23(2), 101-119.

、

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Academic references in APA 7th edition style

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Academic references in APA 7th edition style

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culture. (2024). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-spanish/culture

Birukou, A., Blanzieri, E., Giorgini, P., & Giunchiglia, F. (2009). A formal definition of culture. In http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/1604/1/021.pdf. University of Trento. http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/1604/1/021.pdf

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A group of memories shared by a whole bunch of people.

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Culture encompasses the ideas, beliefs, philosophy, practices, and traditions of a group(s) of people or animals. Culture is social learning that spans generations, and is not purely the result of variations in the physical environment around them.

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Collective identity refers to the multidimensional and multilayered nature of shared identity within a specific group or community. It encompasses cognitive, emotional, and moral dimensions, and can vary in its form and type. It is characterized by a strong sense of belonging, distinct boundaries between 'us' and 'them', and a shared perception of moral virtue. Collective identity can exist at different levels, such as community, movement, and organization, and may interact and combine in complex ways. It is essential for understanding the dynamics and functioning of social groups.

The present article delineates the complex structure of

collective identity by incorporating two levels of analysis.

The first, the micro level, pertains to individual society

members’ recognition of and categorization as belonging

to a group, with the accompanying cognitive, emotional,

and behavioral consequences. The second, the macro

level, pertains to the notion of collective identity that

denotes the shared awareness by constituents of a society

of being members of a collective

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https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-historical-memory-biases-examples.html#:~:text=Historical memory, or collective memory,religious memory, and national memory.

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1. Snow, D. (2001). Collective identity and expressive forms. Escolarship.org

2. David, O., & Bar-Tal, D. (2009). A sociopsychological conception of collective identity: the case of national Identity as an example. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 354–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309344412

3. Snow, D. A., & Corrigall-Brown, C. (2015). Collective identity. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 174–180). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.10403-9

4. Taylor & Francis. (n.d.). Collective Identity - Knowledge and References | Taylor & Francis. https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/medicine-and-healthcare/psychiatry/collective-identity/

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Ruijgrok, E. (2006). The three economic values of cultural heritage: a case study in the Netherlands. Journal Of Cultural Heritage, 7(3), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2006.07.002

Lussetyowati, T. (2015). Preservation and Conservation through Cultural Heritage Tourism. Case Study: Musi Riverside Palembang. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 184, 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.05.109

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--> The concentration camps of Germany are a significant historical memory because, they honor the millions who suffered and died during the Holocaust, preserving their experiences and stories. The camps influence art and literature, shaping narratives around trauma and resilience.

--> The first woman to vote in history. Her name was Louisa Ann Swain, who cast her ballot in 1870 in Wyoming, USA. Wyoming was the first territory to grant women the right to vote, making it a landmark event in the women's suffrage movement.

--> <where a person was the morning of 9 11.

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Historical memory refers to the collective understanding and interpretation of past events held by a group or society. This memory shapes identity, influences perceptions of the present, and informs future actions. It can be shaped by education, media, and personal experiences, often highlighting certain events while obscuring others, leading to diverse and sometimes conflicting interpretations within different communities.

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Berta Trallero, Ree Luddy,  Maya Mancini, Laura Vergara

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Berta Trallero, Ree Luddy,  Maya Mancini, Laura Vergara

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The importance of language and culture in pediatric care

Background: Few studies have examined culture’s effect on pediatric care. Objectives: To analyze 3 cases illustrating the importance of culture in pediatrics.

Conclusions: Culture can have a significant impact on pediatric care; use of a simple model can ensure that pediatricians provide culturally competent care. (J Pediatr 2000;137:842-8)

Glenn Flores MD, Milagros Abreu MD, Ilan Schwartz MD, Maria Hill MD

The question of chimpanzee culture.

Abstract

address the question of chimpanzee culture in 3 ways / review recent research on the types of social learning that chimpanzees and human children employ in 2 domains of particular importance to discussions of chimpanzee culture: tool use and communicatory gesturing / attempt to clarify some of the issues involved in the study of chimpanzee social learning and cultural [and behavioral] traditions through a brief look at research using captive chimpanzees raised in humanlike cultural environments / identify some key characteristics of human cultural traditions and ask if chimpanzee behavioral traditions display these same characteristics.

How to develop knowledge culture in organizations? A multiple case study of large distributed organizations

Stan Oliver, Kondal Reddy Kandadi

Journal of Knowledge Management

Purpose:

Seeks to identify various factors affecting knowledge culture in some of the large organizations and suggest realistic strategies for developing knowledge culture.

Findings:

The study identified ten major factors affecting knowledge culture in organizations. These include leadership, organizational structure, and evangelization, communities of practice, reward systems, time allocation, business processes, recruitment, infrastructure and physical attributes.

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Agustin Hu

Kevin Wang

Yvonne Ren

Ice Wang

Han Du

HaoFeng Peng

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1. Way of life, general customs, traditions, beliefs and behaviours of a society or group of people at a particular time

2. Culture means the whole complex of traditional behavior which has been developed by the human race and is successively learned by each generation

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1.Visiting Historical Landmarks:

Pyramids of Giza, Egypt: Travelers explore the ancient civilization of Egypt and its architectural marvels.

Taj Mahal, India: A UNESCO World Heritage site, it offers insight into Mughal architecture and history.

2.Cultural Festivals:

Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A vibrant festival showcasing Brazilian music, dance (samba), and colorful parades.

Oktoberfest, Germany: A celebration of Bavarian traditions, beer, and local cuisine.

3.Museums and Art Galleries:

Louvre Museum, France: Home to iconic art pieces like the Mona Lisa, it allows visitors to experience European art and history.

The Vatican Museums, Italy: Featuring world-renowned Renaissance art, including the Sistine Chapel.

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Cultural tourism is a way of spreading the traditional culture, art, language and religion of the region. Cultural tourism can quickly help tourists to understand the culture through the interaction between the attractions and the tourists.

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http://www.unwto.org/

(Berta, Ree and Maya)

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movements of persons for essentially cultural motivations such as study tours, performing arts and cultural tours, travel to festivals and other cultural events, visits to sites and monuments, travel to study nature, folklore or art, and pilgrimages

Richards, G. (1996). Cultural tourism in Europe. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA28700705

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Berta Trallero, Ree Luddy and Maya Mancini

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Berta Trallero, Ree Luddy and Maya Mancini

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1. Machu Picchu (Peru)
This site is a renowned example of cultural heritage, demonstrating the intersection of ancient Incan culture and modern conservation efforts. The case discusses both its preservation and challenges of tourism management.

2. Stonehenge (United Kingdom)
Stonehenge represents a contested heritage site, with debates over its management, preservation, and the interpretation of its historical significance.

3. The Acropolis (Greece)
The Acropolis of Athens is a significant heritage site symbolizing ancient Greek culture and identity. It is a case study in international conservation efforts and the challenges of maintaining historical integrity amid modern tourism.

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Identity is the characteristics that define a person. Every individual, has unique qualities that makes each of them identifiable. Identity can be categorised into 3 different sections: Social identity, Individual identity and legal identity

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Tourism where tourist are excited and happy to learn new or even more things about a places cultural that they are visiting.

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1. Feeling of belonging

One of the most important characteristics of collective identity is the feeling of belonging that the members of a group share. This feeling is based on the idea that being part of that group is an essential part of one's identity and largely defines who we are. It can be manifested through identification with symbols, traditions, shared values or even in the defense of common interests.

2. Sharing a common story

Another key characteristic of collective identity is the idea of sharing a common story. Members of a group often identify with each other through the collective memory of significant events, achievements, or shared struggles that have marked the group's history. This shared narrative becomes a central element of group identity and contributes to strengthening the sense of cohesion and solidarity among its members.

3. Shared norms and values

Collective identity is also supported by the presence of shared norms and values that guide behavior and interactions within the group. These norms may vary depending on the culture, religion or traditions of the group in question, but in general, they provide a common frame of reference that guides individual behavior and fosters social cohesion.

4. Sense of positive identity

Collective identity is usually associated with a sense of positive identity, in which group members feel proud of their belonging and value the characteristics they share with other members. This feeling of pride and belonging can strengthen individual self-esteem and promote collaboration and mutual support within the group.

5. Construction of the image of the other

Collective identity also involves the construction of the image of the other, that is, the perception that a group has of itself in contrast to other groups or communities. This dynamic can lead to the creation of stereotypes, prejudices or intergroup rivalries, but it can also be a source of identification and cohesion by highlighting the similarities and differences between groups.

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Definition 1: Cultural heritage is everything we inherit from past generations, like traditions, customs, buildings, and art, that helps define who we are and where we come from. It includes both the physical objects and the ways of life that shape our identity.

Definition 2: Cultural heritage is a concept of the ways of living of a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values.

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Irina, Jana, Carla, Berta Ramos, Maya, Laia, kyungah and Shijie Yang

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Irina, Jana, Carla, Berta Ramos, Maya, Laia, kyungah and Shijie Yang

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--> go hiking: combines physical activity with the opportunity to explore and appreciate the cultural richness of different regions.

--> eating at local restaurants: enhances the travel experience by providing a flavorful and immersive way to engage with the culture of a destination.

--> festivals:

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1. Identity refers to the qualities, beliefs, personality traits, values, and characteristics that define a person or group. It encompasses how individuals see themselves and how they are recognized or categorized by others.

2. Identity refers to the distinguishing characteristics or qualities that make an individual or group distinct from others. It encompasses both innate traits and external influences that shape how someone is recognized or perceives themselves. Identity can be understood through various lenses: Individual identity, Social identity, Legal identity

(Chatgbt)

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Social Identity

This is based on people's self-categorizations in relation to their group memberships (the “we”). These categorizations are often assigned to us or something we are born into

Being part of a sports team, for example, claiming to be the most devoted follower of the best football team.

Cultural Identity

It is part of a person's identity and is related to their nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, gender, sexual orientation and has its own distinct culture

Language

Personal Identity

The concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life

hobbies, education, partner, sexual orientation etc..

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Day 3: Social Identity | SUNY Oswego. (n.d.). https://ww1.oswego.edu/diversity/day-3-social-identity#:~:text=Examples%20of%20social%20identity%20include,emotional%2C%20developmental%20disabilities%20and%20abilities.

Côté, J. E. (2006). Identity studies: How close are we to developing a social science of identity? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 6(1), 3-25. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233442749_Identity_Studies_How_Close_Are_We_to_Developing_a_Social_Science_of_Identity-An_Appraisal_of_the_Field

Gonzales-Backen, M. A., Dumka, L. E., Millsap, R. E., Yoo, H. C., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Weisskirch, R. S., Rodriguez, L., Castillo, L. G., Kim, S. Y., Brown, E. J., Whitbourne, S. K., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2015). The Role of Social and Personal Identities in Self-Esteem Among Ethnic Minority College Students. Identity (Mahwah, N.J.), 15(3), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2015.1055532

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something that is handed down from the past, as a tradition: a national heritage of honor, pride, and courage. something that comes or belongs to one by reason of birth; an inherited lot or portion: a heritage of poverty and suffering.

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4. At least three examples/cases studies.

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4. At least three examples/cases studies.

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1. Catalan Music palace and Sant Pau Hospital

Extensive preservation efforts have been made to protect its original design and decorations. The goal has been to maintain its authentic materials and style, ensuring that future generations experience the building as it was originally conceived. Changes are minimized to avoid altering its historic character.

2. The Great Wall of China:

The existing elements of the Great Wall retain their original location, material, form, technology and structure. The original layout and composition of various constituents of the Great Wall defence system are maintained, to form a meandering landscape feature, and the military concepts it embodies have all been authentically preserved. The authenticity of the setting of the Great Wall is vulnerable to construction of inappropriate tourism facilities.

3. The Colosseum

The Colosseum is not just a monument to ancient Rome but also a symbol of heritage preservation worldwide. It represents the importance of maintaining and protecting historical sites for future generations.

Modern preservation efforts focus on protecting the structure from further damage while keeping its historical integrity intact.

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Cultural tourism refers to travel that focuses on experiencing the cultural aspects of a destination. Cultural tourism aims to deepen understanding and appreciation of a place's heritage and identity. (Berta, Ree and Maya)

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Merriman, N. (1996). Review article : Understanding Heritage. Journal of Material Culture, 1(3), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/135918359600100306

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We could define heritage conservation, as the purpose of maintening the historical/cultural/ architectonic legacy, in order to prevent the deterioration. The goal of conservation is to manage change in a way that minimizes damage while keeping the heritage asset functional

By the other hand heritage preservation is the protection of the historical/cultural/ architectonic legacy, from any form of destruction, or significant change. Preservation means to keep the heritage as it is.

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2. Academic references in APA 7th style.

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2. Academic references in APA 7th style.

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Loulanski, T. (2006). Revising the Concept for Cultural Heritage: The Argument for a Functional Approach. International Journal Of Cultural Property, 13(02). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0940739106060085

Bec, A., Moyle, B., Timms, K., Schaffer, V., Skavronskaya, L., & Little, C. (2019). Management of immersive heritage tourism experiences: A conceptual model. Tourism Management, 72, 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.033

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Preservation of cultural properties, historic preservation is an effort to preserve, and protect historically important building, objects, landscapes or other artifacts.

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Collective identity is a person's sense of belonging to a group. The identity of the group becomes a part of the person's individual identity. By joining social activities, a person can feel like they belong to a group and build an identity that is bigger than just themselves. Members feel a connection to the group and to each other and the group shares similar beliefs, goals, or experiences.

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Definition: The heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations.

Sub-Definition

Is a way to catalog how the past ways of life flow into what they have become today.

Focuses on intellectual and spiritual humanity.

Includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge), and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity).

EXAMPLE

Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona (Spain)

Casa Vicens

Sagrada Familia

Nativity façade

Casa Batlló

Colonia Güell

Public Institution: UNESCO

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Cultural heritage. (2024, 10 septiembre). UNESCO UIS. https://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/cultural-heritage

The Concept and History of Cultural Heritage | Cultural Heritage Studies. (s. f.). https://culturalheritagestudies.ceu.edu/concept-and-history-cultural-heritage

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Definition 1: Cultural heritage includes artefacts, monuments, a group of buildings and sites, museums that have a diversity of values including symbolic, historic, artistic, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological, scientific and social significance. It includes tangible heritage (movable, immobile and underwater), intangible cultural heritage (ICH) embedded into cultural, and natural heritage artefacts, sites or monuments. The definition excludes ICH related to other cultural domains such as festivals, celebration etc. It covers industrial heritage and cave paintings.

Definition 2: Cultural heritage can be defined as the legacy of physical artifacts (cultural property) and intangible attributes of a group or society inherited from the past. Cultural Heritage is a concept which offers a bridge between the past and the future with the application of particular approaches in the present. Due to its attached values for these groups or societies, cultural heritage is maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.