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Religious believe of health achievement through prayers and sacrifices to the gods.

e.g Medical papyri of Ancient Egypt (3300 BCE to 525 BCE) and Ancient Greece's prayers and sacrifices to the healing god, Asclepius (700 BCE).

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Hippocrates was the first person to separate Greek medicine from magical and religious beliefs, he established a relationship between environmental and personal cleanliness and disease. He believed that disease was a result of imbalances between four bodily fluids: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. Therefore, Hippocratic medicine saw health as a state of bodily balance that was achieved through behavioral and medicinal actions.

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Holistic and societal health in the Roman Empire and pre-WHO era

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Holistic and societal health in the Roman Empire and pre-WHO era

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Galen provided a more holistic idea of health which considered the entire patient (mental and emotional states). The Romans began to innovate in sanitation and public health, therefore, healthcare began to be about society as a whole and not about a single person. The discovery of cells, genes, and different entities that work together to keep the body in balance contributed to the ideas of Hippocrates and Galen.

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“A state of complete

physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of infirmity or disease.WHO 1948"

The arrival of WHO was quite hopeful for the world of health since it had an impact on all political, social and environmental aspects, making it possible for the world to find a path to meet all the objectives of health and the common good.

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In his book "The Mirage of Death" René disagreed with the idea that health could be gained by technological means. He believed the idea of 'good health' as the condition for each individual to reach his or her personal and social goals.

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The sociologist, Abraham H. Maslow claimed that health was based on the fulfilment of needs in a particular order:

1. Physical needs

2. Safety

3. Love and belonging

4. Esteem

5. Self-actualization

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Toward a New Definition of Health: Psychosocial Dimensions (1977)

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Toward a New Definition of Health: Psychosocial Dimensions (1977)

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PI Ahmed defended in his book "Toward a New Definition of Health: Psychosocial Dimensions" that health is a relative term that must recognize the specific circumstances of the individual and society. According to this idea, health is a menas in order to achieve fulfillment in role obligations and not a desirable state by itself.

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J. Bircher is an expert on health economics and he argues that the traditional definitions should be updated due to the global crisis of healthcare. He states that health is “A dynamic state of well-being, characterized by an individual’s physical, mental and social potential to meet the demands of life unique to the individual’s age, culture and personal responsibility”. He considered health "A dynamic state of well-being characterized by physical, mental and social potential that meets the demands of a life in accordance with age, culture and personal responsibility".

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1. Badash, I., Kleinman, N. P., Barr, S., Jang, J. K., Rahman, S. A., & Wu, B. (2017). Redefining Health: The Evolution of Health Ideas from Antiquity to the Era of Value-Based Care Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1018

2. Metwaly, A. M., Ghoneim, M. M., Eissa, I. H., Elsehemy, I. A., Mostafa, A. E., Hegazy, M. M., Afifi, W. M., & Dou, D. (2021). Traditional ancient Egyptian medicine: A review. Saudi Journal Of Biological Sciences, 28(10), 5823-5832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.044