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In 39 CE, sisters Trung Trac and Trung Nhi led a rebellion against Chinese rule. The sisters raised an army and they rode on the backs of elephants into battle. The sisters and their allies had driven out the Chinese within a year.

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In 938 CE, Ngo Quyen led an uprising that finally defeated the Chinese. He sank China's warships in a decisive battle by planting iron-tipped stakes in a riverbed.

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The Ly dynasty moved the Vietnamese capital to what is now Hanoi. They established a strong central government, and built a road network that was very effective.

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The Tran dynasty further reformed the administration, agriculture, and economy. The rulers succeeded in fighting off a major Mongol invasion in 1257.

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The Tran rulers survived a Mongol invasion in 1256. They expanded south into the rival kingdom of Champa.

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In 1408, they got invaded by the Ming Chinese. The Ming Chinese brutally enforced Chinese culture.

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In 1428, native rule was restored by Le Thanh Tong. He actively promoted China's government systems as well as its language, art, and literature. The reforms had a greater effect on making Vietnam Chinese than a thousand years of occupation.

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In 1471, Champa was reconquered by Dai Viet. It is now known as Vietnam.