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i missed the week1.. because i did not pick this module in week1.

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In the second week, I learned the definition of information and communication. And information behavior and information-seeking behavior. And read Case, D. O., & Given, L. M. (2016). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Available via UCD Library as an e-book.
Fisher, K. E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. E. F. (Ed.). (2005). Theories of information behavior. ASIS&T.

The definition of information has always been controversial. Case & Given mentioned "information" in the fourth chapter of the second part of the book Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. Any difference is seen as having an effect on the conscious human mind, in other words, information is very important to the human world, whether it is the internal environment or the external environment.

Interestingly, Case&Given also raises five questions about defining information in Chapter 4, Section 3. These 5 questions are very worth pondering. they are, respectively: Must Information Be Useful? Does Information Require Intentions? Must Information Be True? Must Information Be Physical? Does Information Require a Structure or Process?

These 5 questions are also analyzed in Chapter 4. Must the information be useful? The question, in a nutshell, is that if the information has to have an effect, it should extend beyond "reducing uncertainty" to outcomes. Does it have to be intentional for information? The book mentions that the information exists. It doesn't need to be perceived to exist. It need not be understood as existing. For information must be true? This question, posed in the paper for the purposes of this paper, usually ignores the distinction between truth and falsity of the information. Regarding the question Must Information Be Physical?  the article proposes that both ideological information and real information must have a physical dimension. The last question has always been controversial, and the paper proposes that the existence of structure or process is a fifth question on which informatics scholars sometimes disagree, along with utility, intention, truth, and physicality.

Case&Given puts forward information needs and motivations and uses in the fifth chapter. "Need for information" is often simply described as a reason for seeking information, and is somewhat circular. In this regard, few people have studied and questioned it in depth.

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This article by Hill and Pecoskie conducted research on some fan communities. What impressed me was the AO3 portal. Any text in this portal will not be reviewed, let alone any writing checks, and there are even some Fiction about real people (often celebrities). This platform places great emphasis on openness. I personally know a little about this platform, because I have friends who like to browse fan fiction on this platform, and I think this portal is the perfect world for people who like fan fiction.

Finally, the literature finds that in the fanfiction community and fan culture, the pursuit of information is very important, because it can provide more opportunities and means for the growth of fan circles. This can also allow people outside the circle to witness fan culture together.

Fulton mentions in Urban exploration: Secrecy and information creation and sharing in a hobby context that urban explorers document their excursions through photography and often post their pictures to social sharing sites where they, like-minded enthusiasts and The public can relive or experience the exploration and post comments. Thus, information may be communicated to different groups at multiple levels, potentially influencing the development of new information.

Most of the urban explorers are men, and they will often appear in social media places, and they may post photos and share their experiences. In the experience of urban exploration, photography occupies a prominent place, which has special significance for personal interests. These exported photography and photographs have yielded great creative output for the hobby of urban exploration. But that's just the result of this hobby, not the goal. Interestingly, urban exploration enthusiasts deliberately hide their true identities in reality. But at the same time, urban explorers have shown themselves to be active participants in creating content, sometimes sharing their creations. The conclusions suggest that enthusiasts of different age groups may produce different creative outputs and information, and creative behaviors also occupy different spaces, including creating and sharing information offline and online.

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About Former FBI Agent Explains How to Read Body Language | Tradecraft | WIRED

If you cross your arms, that's an obstructive act. This is bullshit, even if you don't like the person in front of you, it doesn't mean you're shutting them out, it's just adapting. Interestingly, we do this behavior more in public than in private. Another misconception is that when a person is lying, he may touch their nose or cover their mouth, which is really just a way of self-soothing. We humans are actually pretty bad at detecting deception.
An interesting case where they were monitoring a spy who was trying to masquerade as an American. The spy bought flowers in a flower shop, and when he went out, the surveillance personnel found that he held the bouquet of flowers facing the ground, while most Americans hold the bouquet facing upwards.
Joe Navarro said that when observing what information the body behavior will convey, he will first observe whether the hair looks healthy and tidy. And watch the forehead, because the forehead can indicate a lot about the stress of life. Then observe the eyes, whether the eyes are red or lack of sleep. As well as observe the mouth and jaw, neck and shoulders and hands, legs and feet. All in all, when we observe these physical actions, we are not trying to make judgments but to assess what the person is communicating at that moment.
All in all, the idea of being able to read and interpret body language is appealing because it has the potential to provide insight into the motivations and emotions of those around us.
However, it is important to use critical thinking when evaluating Navarro's claims. While body language can indeed be used to infer certain things about a person's intentions or feelings, Navarro's method has a number of potential flaws. For example, people's body language can vary across cultures, making it difficult to apply his system universally. Plus, body language is often so subtle and difficult to read that even Navarro admits it's possible to misinterpret cues. Finally, people often know how their body language is perceived, which means their behavior can change based on their situation.
Overall, it's important to be aware of the potential flaws in Navarro's approach and to approach his claims with healthy skepticism.

Chapter 9 of Seeking Information: A D.O. Research Survey of Information Seeking, Needs, and Behavior. Case and L.M. Given discuss the implications of the research discussed in the document for information professionals and other stakeholders. The chapter concludes that further research is warranted to gain a more complete understanding of information-seeking behavior and to provide practical solutions to improve information provision. It also suggests that information professionals should be aware of the importance of context when presenting information, and that they should strive to provide customized solutions that meet user needs. In addition, the authors suggest that information professionals should strive to create an environment in which users feel comfortable and confident in finding and using information. Finally, they suggest that information professionals should focus on developing the necessary skills and competencies to support users' information-seeking activities.

Chapter 23 of Wildemuth's Applications of Social Research Methods to Questions in Information and Library Science focuses on grounded theory and qualitative research methods for case studies. The chapter begins with a discussion of the history of each method, providing examples of how they have been used in the past and their core characteristics.
The chapter then goes on to discuss the practical aspects of conducting grounded theory research and case studies. Topics it covers include the process of formulating research questions and data collection and analysis procedures. It also covers the ethical considerations of conducting such research, and potential challenges researchers may face.
Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of grounded theory and case studies are discussed. It states that both approaches can provide deep insights into a particular topic, but that grounded theory is better suited to exploring relationships between variables, while case studies are better suited to examining individual individuals or phenomena in detail. It also notes that both approaches can be time- and resource-intensive, and that the case study is particularly vulnerable to researcher bias. I think these advantages and disadvantages really affect our research process, in any case, no research method is perfect.

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In Granovetter's research on the "strength of weak ties," he found that people who are not closely connected to each other in social networks have greater access to new information and resources than those who are closely connected. This means that people who belong to larger social networks are more likely to be exposed to new ideas and opportunities than people who do not belong to larger social networks. In addition, individuals belonging to larger social networks are more likely to form relationships with people from different backgrounds, which can lead to more diverse experiences.

The fake news infodemic has had a significant impact on human interaction. The proliferation of false and misleading information has made it difficult for people to trust the information they encounter, which can lead to increased skepticism, mistrust, and cynicism. This can lead to people being less likely to engage in meaningful conversations, as they may be wary of the information shared. This can further lead to feelings of isolation, as people may be more hesitant to engage with others who may have different opinions and beliefs. The Psychology of Fake News (2020) edited by Greifeneder, R., Jaffe, M., Newman, E., & Schwarz, N. provides insight into how this infodemic has impacted human interaction. They argue that fake news has increased the prevalence of confirmation bias, which can lead to people being more likely to accept information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs and less likely to accept information that challenges them. This can lead to further entrenchment of beliefs and a lack of willingness to engage in meaningful conversations. Furthermore, they argue that fake news can lead to people being more likely to share false information, further contributing to the spread of misinformation.

I read Chapter 3 of The psychology of fake news: Accepting, sharing, and correcting misinformation， which explains why fake news has become popular in the first place. The main points are as follows: 1. Social media is very suitable for spreading fake news. 2. People gradually distrust mainstream media. 3. Fake news generally appears in the form of extremely short pictures and texts, making it difficult to assess its authenticity. The danger of fake news is that it reduces trust in democratic institutions and reduces social cohesion.

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More information is not always better. We have seen that a major preoccupation of humans is filtering, interpreting, and understanding the overload of information with which they are faced. There is justify-
cation for consciously ignoring or filtering relevant information in situations in which there is not enough time or energy to consider all of it. As we said in Chapter 1, emotion is an ever-present aspect of
information behavior. Ignoring or avoiding information is at times a reasonable strategy for living and working, especially when it promotes psychological coping. The ever-evolving number of channels and
sources bombarding us with information only makes this point more obvious with the passage of time.

Information seeking is not always about a “problem” or a “problematic
situation.” Some information-related behavior is purely creative in its
origins — it is not driven by the need to provide a response to a situation. Traditional information-seeking research, even the more recent versions of it, implicitly assumes that people react to a problem state.
In most cases, this is true enough: people often do seek information to solve problems or even to find explicit answers to specific questions.
However, the oft-stated inadequacies of information-seeking research
(e.g., its inability to explain why people act as they do) indicate that information-seeking is much more than solving problems, finding facts, or making decisions. Sometimes it is a quest for entertainment or distraction; sometimes it is an act of serendipity.

People’s experiences of information are not independent of their emotions. We know that individuals can feel overwhelmed, anxious, or even fearful of information, including the sources and platforms they use to access that information. Similarly, a positive encounter (with a librarian, for example) can leave a person feeling supported, acknowledged, and content — even when that information is limited or inappropriate for the person’s needs. Emotional connections must be taken into account in analyzing individuals’ information behaviors.
I agree with this very much, because people's information-seeking behavior can be counted and studied, but this does not mean that these behaviors can be completely separated from people's feelings and emotions. People in different moods search for different information, conduct different information-seeking behaviors, and finally get different information feedbacks. These are all changes due to different emotions.

Also, I was struck by the recurring wording of the digital divide in Chapter 11. In fact, the digital divide not only occurs between developed countries and developing countries, but also between young people and old people. Compared with young people, the old people are not very good at using fashionable social media and emerging technologies, so maybe they can The information collected was not diverse enough. But everything has two sides. Although the information they collect is not far enough, it is at least simple and clear, so that they will not collect a bunch of redundant and useless information every day like young people.

Better system design will not eliminate the need for interpersonal communication. There are limits to the wonderful ability of computers and telecommunications to satisfy (and even anticipate) our needs for information. No matter how good voice recognition and text interpretation may become, there will still be times when no amount of
rephrasing is understood by a search engine. There will still be a nee for human intermediaries to truly understand our needs.
From Case (2016)

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1.By reading Hagar, C. (2010). Whom do you trust? Information seeking during the U.K. Foot and Mouth crisis. Library & Archival Security, 23(1), 3-18., I found that during the crisis, indeed It is easy to have a crisis of trust. People will gradually distrust government agencies from trusting them. The trust in the middle depends on whether the information conveyed by government agencies is to let the people know the truth, or to fabricate lies to stabilize the situation. If the public discovers that the agency is fabricating lies, then the credibility of the government agency will collapse. Even if the information conveyed in the future is accurate, the public will choose not to believe it easily.
In addition, during a crisis, there will be a lot of false news, and people don't know what to believe and which to believe. Just like the information contradictory mentioned in the text. In addition, the uncertainty mentioned in the article is a very big blow to the people who have formed habits. The unknown and disrupted pace of life makes people feel insecure.
This reminds me of China during the covid-19 period, the ridiculous 3 years made the Chinese people gradually lose trust in the government, this is related to the crisis of trust when the crisis occurs, whether the information is not delivered in time or the government is ambiguous The information and the government's serious interference with people's privacy in order to prevent the epidemic have cast a huge shadow on people

Sonnenwald, D.H. (2006). As mentioned in this literature, many people acquiesce that the information they have mastered is also mastered by others. This may be based on his belief that they are in the same environment and have the same background. So he will default that they have the same information, and at the same time, he will not continue to explain some information that he thinks everyone understands. In fact, this phenomenon is very common in life. For example, when my classmates and I were doing group assignments together, many details about the assignments were not discussed clearly, because my team members defaulted that I understood the basics of the project, and they did not consider each other. I don't understand, because he thinks that we are all studying the same major and doing the same project. At this time, an error in information sharing occurred. I am very happy to see such an article that explains this phenomenon perfectly.
There is an example in the article that I think vividly illustrates the loss of trust. During the simulation exercise, the soldier found an unknown yellow gas, but he didn't know what it was, so he sent a radio to the headquarters, saying it was a bad smell. But headquarters said there were no reports of a foul smell at that location, and in the meantime the operations officer asked soldiers to move the unknown, which required passing through the yellow gas. The soldiers radioed again to mention the stench, but headquarters still said there were no reports of the stench. A few minutes later, the headquarters received a report that there was an unknown yellow poisonous gas in the area, so the headquarters asked the soldiers to wear protective clothing to evacuate, but at this time, the soldier said he would not wear it, because he felt that the headquarters did not know what poisonous gas was, so they The protective clothing provided was also of little use. In the end, their actions failed because of the loss of "trust".

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I went to observe the Viking Splash Tour. Before I observed it, I always thought that this boat was only on the road. After observing it, I found that this boat will also work on the water. There are more than 20 places on the boat, most of which are parents with children. The staff will distribute life jackets to everyone, so people are not allowed to wear the life jackets they bring. The ship was called "Dukws". They were built during World War II as amphibious trucks to carry soldiers and equipment to aid in warfare.

I also visited the Sofia Museum in Madrid. The entrance and ticket office of this museum are very conspicuous, and the information is easy to get. But in fact, the Sofia Museum is free to buy student tickets. I didn't see clear information about this at the ticket office. I found it online. I did get a student ticket though. The exhibition pattern of the Sofia Museum is arranged according to the floor, so as long as you take the elevator, you can easily go to the floor you want to exhibit, but it is difficult to find the exhibition works and the entrance and exit of each floor. I often turn around dizzy. In addition, there is no Chinese voice guidance, which makes me feel unbelievable. I think that collecting the guidance of any language in any country should be done by every large museum, not to mention that there are many world-class collections in the Sofia Museum, such as Picasso of paintings.

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From the Harré, R. (2012). Positioning theory: Moral dimensions of social-cultural psychology. Chapter one mentioned The origin of most aspects of Western thought can be traced back to ancient Greece. Of these, the most famous is of course Aristotle Germany, who laid the foundations of theoretical psychology. Aristotle goes into more detail: namely, that the peoples of the cold regions and of Europe are of courageous character, but backward in intelligence and skill; they also prefer liberty but lack an organized state to rule their neighbors. country. In contrast, Asian peoples are intelligent, and artistically gifted, but inactive, so they live in obedience and servanthood.
The Greeks lived in the middle, so could speak between themselves, and thus be involved in both roles. Because it is brave and smart. So it's free, in top shape, and rules them all.From my personal point of view, I don't know much about the Greeks, but Aristotle mentioned that the living conditions of the Greeks were between the peoples of Europe and the peoples of Asia People are very interested.

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Answering the question from the seminar leader ：
Regarding Question 1 -I think the general significance of information professionals in contemporary society plays a crucial role in several ways: Information Access and Equity, Information Management and Organization, and Information Security and Ethics.

Regarding Question 2-The role of information professionals has evolved significantly in the digital age, driven by rapid advancements in technology and changes in information landscapes. for example, Information professionals increasingly work with big data, data analytics, and data visualization. addition, Information professionals utilize social media and other online platforms to disseminate information, engage with users, and promote information literacy.

For the last question: In the digital age, many industries in society are being impacted by artificial intelligence and machine learning. How can we as individuals maintain competitiveness (which skills need to be improved) to cope with future career changes? I think we should maintain a lifelong learning attitude and be adaptable and flexible, ideally with interdisciplinary skills. We must maintain flexibility to meet the challenges in the market and maintain our competitiveness in the job market. (In fact, you can also learn a craft, such as making delicious food. I don’t think AI can replace the position of a gourmet at all hhh, just kidding)

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The Everyday Life Information Seeking (ELIS) Model: Developed by Reijo Savolainen, the ELIS model focuses on how individuals seek information in their everyday lives, such as seeking information for leisure, hobbies, and social interactions. It highlights the influence of various contextual factors, including personal, social, and situational factors, on information seeking behavior.

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The presentation for my project(1 minute)
What I am observing is a brand chain coffee shop located in the city center. The groups I observe are the employees in the store and the floating customers. What is more interesting is that in addition to the general floating customers, I also observed a subgroup of customers Group, that is, customers who enter the coffee shop and seek to go to the toilet. The needs of this type of customers to enter the store are all to obtain the toilet password to go to the toilet, but their behaviors in order to meet the needs are different. I will describe it in detail in my report. The theoretical framework I use is social positioning theory and ELIS, social positioning theory is used to analyze the employees in the store, and ELIS is used to analyze the behavior of customers.

The total time I observed was 6 hours.