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Background:

Félix Houphouët-Boigny 18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993, affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux ("The Old One"), was the first president of Ivory Coast, serving from 1960 until his death in 1993. A tribal chief, he worked as a medical aide, union leader and planter before being elected to the French Parliament. He served in several ministerial positions within the French government before leading Côte d'Ivoire following independence in 1960. Throughout his life, he played a significant role in politics and the decolonization of Africa.

1.Family Background:

According to his official biography, Houphouët-Boigny was probably born on 18 October 1905, in Yamoussoukro to a family of hereditary chiefs of the Baoulé people. Unofficial accounts, however, place his birth date up to seven years earlier. Born into the animist Akouès tribe, he was named Dia Houphouët: his first name Dia means "prophet" or "magician". His father was N'Doli Houphouët. Dia Houphouët was the great-nephew through his mother of Queen Yamousso and the village chief, Kouassi N'Go. When N'Go was murdered in 1910, Dia was named to succeed him as chief. Due to his young age, his stepfather Gbro Diby ruled as regent until Dia came of age; Dia's father had already died.

2.Education Background:

First in his class, Houphouët was accepted into the École William Ponty in 1919, and earned a teaching degree. In 1921, he attended the École de médecine de l'AOF (French West Africa School of Medicine) in French Senegal, where he came first in his class in 1925 and qualified as a medical assistant. As he never completed his studies in medicine, he could qualify only as a médecin africain, a poorly paid doctor.
On 26 October 1925, Houphouët began his career as a doctor's aide at a hospital in Abidjan, where he founded an association of indigenous medical personnel. This undertaking proved short-lived as the colonial administration viewed it unsympathetically, considering it a trade union. As a consequence, they decided to move Houphouët to a lesser hospital in Guiglo on 27 April 1927. After he proved his considerable talents, however, he was promoted on 17 September 1929 to a post in Abengourou, which until then had been reserved for Europeans. At Abengourou, Houphouët witnessed the mistreatment of indigenous cocoa farmers by the colonists.

3.Contributions:
I.
Ivory Coast Independence: Houphouët-Boigny led the mouvement for Côte d'Ivoire's independence, which was finally achieved in 1960. He worked closely with other African leaders to promote Africa's independence.

II.
Infrastructure construction: Houphouët-Boigny has worked on the construction of many infrastructures in Côte d'Ivoire, including roads, bridges, ports, airports, schools and hospitals. This has helped to stimulate the economic and social development of the country.

III.
Infrastructure construction: Houphouët-Boigny has worked on the construction of many infrastructures in Côte d'Ivoire, including roads, bridges, ports, airports, schools and hospitals. This has helped to stimulate the economic and social development of the country.

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Nelson Mandela
1.Family background
- Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, also known as Madiba, was born Rolihlahla Mandela on July 18, 1918, in Mvezo, South Africa; the name Nelson was later added by one of his teachers.

2. Education background
- He attended South African Native College (later the University of Fort Hare) and studied law at the University of the Witwatersrand; he later passed the qualification exam to become a lawyer.

3. Contributions
- He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993, along with South Africa's president at the time, F.W. de Klerk, for having led the transition from apartheid to a multiracial democracy.

-After 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela was freed in 1990 and negotiated with State President F. W. de Klerk the end of apartheid in South Africa, bringing peace to a racially divided country and leading the fight for human rights around the world.

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1.Family background
Born in Butiama, Mara, then in the British colony of Tanganyika, Nyerere was the son of a Zanaki chief.

2.Education background
he studied at Makerere College in Uganda and then Edinburgh University in Scotland.

3.contributions
In 1954, he helped form TANU, through which he campaigned for Tanganyikan independence from the British Empire. Influenced by the Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi, Nyerere preached non-violent protest to achieve this aim.

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>Family Background:
Nelson Mandela was  an anti-apartheid activist and politician who served  as the first president of South African from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully democratic election.
Rolihlahla Mandela was born into the Madiba clan in the village of Mvezo, in the Eastern Cap, on 18th of July in 1918. His mother was  Nonqaphi Nosekeni and his father was Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela.

>Education Background: