# data[].attributes.body
The ruling stated Americans of African decent, free or slave, were not American citizens and couldn't sue in court. Slaves at this time were called "property".

# data[].attributes.body
In 1863 Abraham Lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation based on his war powers. Following the end of the war, Congress passed a constitutional amendment to end slavery throughout the United States, which was speedily ratified.

# data[].attributes.body
Aka the Civil Rights Amendment, the 14th amendment contains the equal protection clause, where any group starts if they believe that their civil rights have been violated.

# data[].attributes.body
The amendment prohibits the use of race in determining who can vote. Even though African-Americans were legally allowed to vote after 1870, Southern states still used tactics to deny them suffrage.

# data[].attributes.body
A series of laws that reinforced segregation. Separate dining facilities, water fountains, and movie nights are some examples of Jim Crow laws produced by states at this time.

# data[].attributes.body
Occurred more than 50 years before Rosa Parks Plessy sat at the front of the train, violating Jim Crow laws. This case set precedent that separate facilities for blacks and whites was constitutional as long as they were equal. (Separate but equal)

# data[].attributes.body
This amendment granted women suffrage, or the right to vote. Only Charlotte Woodward, who signed the Declaration of Sentiments, is alive to exercise her right to vote.

# data[].attributes.body
Supreme Court decision that overruled the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy. The new precedent, separate was inherently unequal, made school segregation illegal.

# data[].attributes.body
The "Little Rock Nine" were the first students to integrate to southern schools, which was so controversial the national guard was called in. Only 3 of the 9 graduated from Central High.

# data[].attributes.body
The law prohibits discrimination in public accommodations, employment, education, and government services. The act also strengthens the 15th amendment by prohibiting discrimination in voting.

# data[].attributes.body
This act stripped all restrictions that Southern states put on voting such as poll taxes, grandfather clause, and white primaries. Because of this, African Americans are registered to vote at rates much higher than they were before the law was passed.

# data[].attributes.body
Government programs designed to promote equal opportunity to groups that have suffered from past discrimination.

# data[].attributes.body
Built on the earlier case Griswold v. Connecticut, the case is about privacy (constitutionally). It is known publicly as the abortion case.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bakke v. University of California (1978)

# data[].attributes.subject
Bakke v. University of California (1978)

# data[].attributes.body
Bakke challenged the admission policy of UC Davis since he has been repeatedly denied to medical school when his scores were higher than some minorities who were admitted. After this, race can be one of the factors of college admission, but not the only factor.