# data[].attributes.body
white: start of cw
green: vietnam war
yellow: korean war
red: cuban crisis
purple: detente (rise and fall)
green: nicaragua
blue: ECW, collapse of USSR

# data[].attributes.body
Communist manifesto laid the foundations for the revolution. West perceived communist ideology as a grave threat bc
1. Marxism Leninism heavily at odds with capitalism
2. Capacity to advocate for an international communist revolution

US troops intervening on the side of the anti communist was seen by USSR as an attempt to smother its existence since birth

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American business community became interested in investments in USSR which was industrializing rapidly

# data[].attributes.body
America hoped that the USSR would be able to restrain Japanese imperialism

# data[].attributes.body
West perceived as an unholy alliance between totalitarian dictators and the invasion of the Baltics & Poland was proof of aggressive expansionism

# data[].attributes.body
formation of the Grand Alliance

# data[].attributes.body
Roosevelt contributed to misunderstandings by appearing to endorse Soviet influence in Eastern Europe to preserve wartime alliance

# data[].attributes.body
US only landed when the tide of battle in Eastern Front had already shifted and the Soviet had already bore the brunt of resistance.

Seen by the USSR as a ploy to allow the Germans and Soviets to massacre each other.

USSR didn't care about anglo american considerations that the likelihood of success might only have been ascertained in '44 --> proves that perceptions more than realities led to CW

# data[].attributes.headline
October 1944 Churchill - Stalin % Agreement 

# data[].attributes.subject
October 1944 Churchill - Stalin % Agreement 

# data[].attributes.body
acknowledged that the soviet union would have a predominant influence in EE such as Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary and that there will be British dominance in Greece.

# data[].attributes.body
West objected to Soviet attempt to redraw territorial boundaries by absorbing East Poland, --> angered Stalin as Poland was vital to Russian security and there had been no prominent objection earlier at the Teheran Conference. --> Stalin believed that Soviet SOI had been conceded in Teheran Conference and % agreement, west attempting to retrieve what had alr been lost.

Roosevelt and Churchill insisted (and Stalin promised) on the inclusion of the London Poles in the Lublin Committee and the conduct of free elections in Poland --> election never took place, only some London Poles were included.

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Stalin arrested Polish non communist leaders. Polish govt had started expelling 5 million Germans.

# data[].attributes.body
termination was done without informing the USSR

# data[].attributes.body
Winston Churchill --> clement Atlee
Roosevelt --> Harry Truman (hardline anti communist)
Growing soviet influence over Europe
Successful test and usage of atomic bomb

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Polish western border should be the Oder-Neisse line.
Germany, occupying powers entitled to preparations from its zone. Other 3 zones also paid reparations to soviets the successful test & usage of the atomic bomb --> USSR desired superiority in conventional numbers

# data[].attributes.body
viet minh attacked and conquered Hanoi

# data[].attributes.body
show of USA's nuclear superiority, USA no longer needed help for war in the pacific --> prevented USSR from laying claim to post war order in pacific --> led to arms race

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2nd sept 1945 HCM proclaimed the indep of the DRV

# data[].attributes.subject
2nd sept 1945 HCM proclaimed the indep of the DRV

# data[].attributes.body
significant shifts in american attitudes toward the USSR during feb-march 1946, a time when the iron curtain and the long telegram was received by the mainstream public and also when american foreign policy was lacking coherence

# data[].attributes.body
published as the x article in foreign affairs
russian rulers needed an external enemy (the US) to unite the masses behind them

USA believed that the soviets would seize every opportunity to expand their influence, needed strong display of force and negotiate from strength.

countered with Novikov's telegram --> crystalized bipolar divide into 2 blocs

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reiterated the need to avoid repeating the historical mistake of appeasement.

influential at a time when america needed to frame a coherent policy towards the soviet union --> indisputably defined the soviet union as the enemy

# data[].attributes.headline
May 1946 US halted reparations deliveries to soviets

# data[].attributes.subject
May 1946 US halted reparations deliveries to soviets

# data[].attributes.body
seen as US breach of Potsdam Agreement

# data[].attributes.body
proposed by the US to regulate the atomic weapons via UN controlled agency. US refused to destroy stockpile until inspection agreements were firmly in place. Analysts say that its terms were designed to be unacceptable to the USSR

# data[].attributes.body
US annouced relaxation of restrictions on German industrial products and the creation of a central import export agency --> designed to help restore Germany's economy

# data[].attributes.body
USA believed that expansionist ideology was at the heart of soviet foreign policy (iran and manchuria) (USSR flouted wartime agreements)

defined the soviet union as the enemy

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american and british zones in germany unite

# data[].attributes.body
$$ aid to greece and turkey. greece was in a civil war between the royalist and communist. Turkey shared territorial borders with the USSR.

laid the basis where the US would embark on the Cold War to fight and contain communism globally to preserve american interests

truman might have overexaggerated
- stalin remained neutral in the greek civil war and showed few signs of explicitly aiding the communist

increased in military preparedness as a precaution --> military dimension of the CW

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showed the USSR that compromise was no longer possible and accelerated the division of europe into 2 distinct economic blocs, exemplifying the CW as a competition of ideas, values and belief systems

accelerated sovietisation in EE at a time when it was clear that some of the satalite states were tempted to join the marshall plan

announcement of the molotov plan, cominform and comecon

peacetime alliance was no longer a viable option

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leader of opposition in bulgaria was tried and shot --> an example of increasing sovietisation in eastern europe

# data[].attributes.body
crystallised bipolar divide into 2 blocs. was done in response to the marshall plan, it ensures ideological unity by dictating the actions of leaders and communist parties

# data[].attributes.body
he claimed that the world had been divided into two camps, an anti imperialist and democratic camp led by the USSR and an anti democratic and imperialist camp headed by the US.

truman doctrine and marshall plan were labelled as moves made by the US to create a western bloc in order to secure economic and political enslavement of europe.

policy of cooperation would be abandoned

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leader of coalition govt in poland forced to flee the country

# data[].attributes.headline
by feb 1948 czechoslovakia becomes communist

# data[].attributes.subject
by feb 1948 czechoslovakia becomes communist

# data[].attributes.body
loss of eastern europes sole remaining democracy was a bitter blow to the west

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march 1948 soviet rep stormed out of allied control council 

# data[].attributes.subject
march 1948 soviet rep stormed out of allied control council 

# data[].attributes.body
due to proposed new currency

# data[].attributes.headline
18 june 1948 introduction of deutschmark

# data[].attributes.subject
18 june 1948 introduction of deutschmark

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illegal in soviet zone

seen as a betrayal of yalta and potsdam

countered with USSR introducing ostmark which was illegal in west germany

emergence of 2 separate economies in a divided germany

killed idea of joint administration that was enshrined in yalta and potsdam

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berlin airlift forced stalin to end blockade by 1949

# data[].attributes.body
creation of east german state in oct cemented a divided germany

# data[].attributes.body
stalin was against the idea as he felt that US was likely to interfere if open war broke out in the korean peninsula. The agreement existed regarding the 38th // between washington and moscow so the americans had legitimate reason to intervene in repsonse to an attack

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military dimension of american SOI

US needed anglo french consent for creation of west german state

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Jan 1950 Dean Acheson's defense perimeter speech

# data[].attributes.subject
Jan 1950 Dean Acheson's defense perimeter speech

# data[].attributes.body
had omitted South Korea from a list of countries whch the US would automatically defend in the event of aggression, Soviet saw this as license to interfere in korea, Preceeds Kim asking stalin for the 3rd time, stallin agreement heavily influenced by this

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27 jun 1950 US sponsored a resolution in UNSC for military action against NK

# data[].attributes.subject
27 jun 1950 US sponsored a resolution in UNSC for military action against NK

# data[].attributes.body
passed without soviet veto as they were boycotting meetings of the sc due to refusal to accept newly communist china as a permanent member of the council

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aug - sept 1950 NKPA reaches limit of advance at pusan perimeter

# data[].attributes.subject
aug - sept 1950 NKPA reaches limit of advance at pusan perimeter

# data[].attributes.body
triggered the UN coalition counter offensive in the breakout from Pusan

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Nov 1950- Jan 1951 Chinese ambush in Korea

# data[].attributes.subject
Nov 1950- Jan 1951 Chinese ambush in Korea

# data[].attributes.body
pyongyang (5th dec 1950) and seoul (4th jan 1951) are captured by the chinese in quick succession

# data[].attributes.headline
26 dec 1950 matthew ridgeway takes command of the US eighth army 

# data[].attributes.subject
26 dec 1950 matthew ridgeway takes command of the US eighth army 

# data[].attributes.body
revitalizes troop morale

# data[].attributes.headline
Jan - April 1951 coalition forces launch their own counter offensive, recapturing seoul in march, forcing chinese troops back to the 38th //

# data[].attributes.subject
Jan - April 1951 coalition forces launch their own counter offensive, recapturing seoul in march, forcing chinese troops back to the 38th //

# data[].attributes.headline
27 july 1953 ceasefire agreement in korea

# data[].attributes.subject
27 july 1953 ceasefire agreement in korea

# data[].attributes.body
loss of Korea

# data[].attributes.headline
7th april 1954, eisenhower's domino theory press conference

# data[].attributes.subject
7th april 1954, eisenhower's domino theory press conference

# data[].attributes.body
dien bien phu was under siege, was talking with indochina in mind

# data[].attributes.headline
march - may 1954 battle of diem bien phu

# data[].attributes.subject
march - may 1954 battle of diem bien phu

# data[].attributes.body
marked end of french empire in indochina

# data[].attributes.body
partitioned vietnam at the 17th // where the vietminh would administer the north while the south would be governed from saigon by Ngo Dinh Diem (US backed)

was not ratified by the US so US had no obligation to honour their prohibition against foriegn military involvement in indochina --> sent american military advisers and military aid to bolster south vietnam as a stable non communist state capable of resisting communist incursion from the north

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reponse to NATO

# data[].attributes.headline
23 oct 1955 diem's unfair elections that resulted in him receiving 98.2% of votes 

# data[].attributes.subject
23 oct 1955 diem's unfair elections that resulted in him receiving 98.2% of votes 

# data[].attributes.headline
jan 1959 VCP decided to back military action and revolutionary violence in the south

# data[].attributes.subject
jan 1959 VCP decided to back military action and revolutionary violence in the south

# data[].attributes.body
by sept 1960 VCP was convinced that a revolution was in sight for south vietnam

# data[].attributes.body
due to failure of the Great Leap Forward, Beijing leadership more focused on domestic issues

# data[].attributes.body
he was the critic of the supposed weakness of the eisenhower regime in the face of communist menace

policy makers still convinced that the communist china and the soviet union were directing communist insurgency in the south

but didnt want to escalate by sending in US troops to avoid entanglement in a limited war as he was influenced by the failures of the Korean war

kennedy's policy of flexible response
1. increase military advisers and military aid
2. counter insurgency: strategic hamlet programme, agent orange, napalm
3. encourage diem to institute reforms to no avail

# data[].attributes.headline
feb 1961 the creation of the People's liberation armed forces

# data[].attributes.subject
feb 1961 the creation of the People's liberation armed forces

# data[].attributes.body
the NLF created the military wing

# data[].attributes.body
khruschev sought a new berlin settlement for berlin to become a new city and its corridors to west germany be given to the east german govt

kennedy reiterated that the status of west berlin was non negotiable. Krushchev issued a 6 months withdrawal deadline for western troops from berlin.

construction of berlin wall to prevent the flow of refuges from east to west germany

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18 oct 1962 Andrei Gromyko assured kennedy that there were no intention to place missiles on cuba

# data[].attributes.subject
18 oct 1962 Andrei Gromyko assured kennedy that there were no intention to place missiles on cuba

# data[].attributes.body
american ambassador Adlai stevenson confronted his counterpart valerian zorin, was met with silence

# data[].attributes.headline
1963 Buddhist monk self immolated himself in protest against Diem 

# data[].attributes.subject
1963 Buddhist monk self immolated himself in protest against Diem 

# data[].attributes.body
shows extent of diem's unpopularity

# data[].attributes.body
a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. developed to slow arms race and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planets atmosphere

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1964 china exploded a first small atomic bomb 

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1964 china exploded a first small atomic bomb 

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and within 3 years set off a hydrogen boomb 100 times larger than the first bomb

# data[].attributes.headline
march 1964 US defence secretary robert mcnamara visited viet saw US military's increasing frustration at viet incompetence, reported to johnson that increased american action was need

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march 1964 US defence secretary robert mcnamara visited viet saw US military's increasing frustration at viet incompetence, reported to johnson that increased american action was need

# data[].attributes.body
NV torpedo boat fired on USS Maddox, gave johnson a blank check to deal with the situation. marked the beginning of the first bombing raids and dispatch of large number of ground troops to the south

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another vietcong attack on 9 feb

permanent campaign called operation rolling thunder, large scale bombings, use of phosphorous and napalm + operation ranch hand: use of agent orange

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US military defeat and a communist psych victory, americans start to question US military conduct of the war.

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1968 Non Proliferation of nuclear weapons Treaty (NPT)

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1968 Non Proliferation of nuclear weapons Treaty (NPT)

# data[].attributes.body
an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapon technology to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament

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5 jan - 21 aug 1968 Prague Spring  + Warsaw pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 

# data[].attributes.subject
5 jan - 21 aug 1968 Prague Spring  + Warsaw pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 

# data[].attributes.body
claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism leninism with capitalism

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1. avoiding nuclear war and managing the arms race
2. mutual vulnerabilities and weaknesses
US --> vietnam war --> flexible diplomacy
USSR --> US rapprochement with China + domestic economic weakness
3. bipolarity eclipsed by multi polarity

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the result of successful arms control negotiations

# data[].attributes.headline
april 1970 american ground troops invaded neutral cambodia

# data[].attributes.subject
april 1970 american ground troops invaded neutral cambodia

# data[].attributes.body
domestic repercussion: intense bombing campaigns in late april 1970 sparked intense campus protests all across america. students were killed by national guardsmen which led to more dissent

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1972 Anti Ballistic Missile treaty (ABM)

# data[].attributes.subject
1972 Anti Ballistic Missile treaty (ABM)

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limitation of the ABM systems in defending areas against ballistic missiles

complemented SALT 1

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US and china pledged to work toward the full normalisation of diplomaic relations

in recognizing the existence of the sino soviet split which grew worse in the 1960s, nixon sought rapprochement with china

the improvement in relations between the US and the prc threatened to isolate the soviet union and placed significant pressure on the soviets to pursue detente in the new strategic climate

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"differences in ideology and in the social systems of the USA and the USSR are not obstacles to the bilateral development of normal relations based on the principles on sovereignty, equality, non interference in international affairs and mutual advantage"

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1973 agreement on the prevention of nuclear war 

# data[].attributes.subject
1973 agreement on the prevention of nuclear war 

# data[].attributes.body
clear indication that both superpowers accepted the existence of nuclear weapons as a deterrent and would not seek to develop missile defense systems to upset the balance

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1974 Nixon resigned due to Watergate scandal

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1974 Nixon resigned due to Watergate scandal

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this would lead to jimmy carter adopting a strong moral stance instead of following realpolitik

jimmy carter espoused idealistic policies that would demonstrate decency, generosity and common sense while condemning those that allowed the US to support right wing monarchs and dictators

he called human rights "the soul of our foreign policy'

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1975 ussr had to sign a 5 year agreement with the US to buy a min of 6-8 million tons of grain per year

# data[].attributes.subject
1975 ussr had to sign a 5 year agreement with the US to buy a min of 6-8 million tons of grain per year

# data[].attributes.body
enshrined détente in Europe by formalizing the acceptance of the inviolability of existing territorial frontiers (international recognition of post war boundaries in Europe)

BUT

considerable misgivings about the helsinki accords began to emerge:
conservative hardliners in the US accused the agreement of abandoning eastern europe to oppression, soviet leadership was alarmed by the repercussions of having to commit to discussions on humanitarian questions

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1976 a bill that required the secretary of state to report the status of human rights in all countries receiving aid from the US 

# data[].attributes.subject
1976 a bill that required the secretary of state to report the status of human rights in all countries receiving aid from the US 

# data[].attributes.body
this went against previous US policies in countries like Korea, Cuba and Vietnam and also advised to punish or at least censure repressive military regimes in Brazil, Argentina and Chile. leading US diplomats also spoke out against the apartheid rather than supporting the govt avid anti communism

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SS-20s were a new range of medium range missiles intended as a replacement for an earlier generation of IRBMs and as a means of maintaining the nuclear balance of power between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, was meant to strengthen soviet bargaining power against the west

# data[].attributes.headline
june 1979 US supported an OAS resolution calling for somoza’s resignation  

# data[].attributes.subject
june 1979 US supported an OAS resolution calling for somoza’s resignation  

# data[].attributes.body
under carter, the US cut all support for somozas regime in response to his odious human rights record

immediately recognised the new sandinista govt and provided it with economic aid

# data[].attributes.headline
Dec 1979 NATO countered the deployment of SS-20s by pushing the US for deployment of american IRBM and cruise missiles in western europe which could hit targets in the USSR

# data[].attributes.subject
Dec 1979 NATO countered the deployment of SS-20s by pushing the US for deployment of american IRBM and cruise missiles in western europe which could hit targets in the USSR

# data[].attributes.body
prospect for the reduction in NATO force levels reduced further. but moscow refused to move the SS-20s unless the west reduced their nuclear forces. Nato offered 0-0 solution but was rejected

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24 dec 1979 soviet invasion of Afghanistan 

# data[].attributes.subject
24 dec 1979 soviet invasion of Afghanistan 

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why did the USSR intervene?
- failure to support the left wing regime would cast doubts on soviet commitment to help communist movements and allies everywhere, damaging its international prestige
- strategic proximity to middle eastern oil
- threat of a spread of muslim fundementalism from iran to afagnistan into its own muslim republics could not simply be ignored as islamic insurgents might succeed in overthrowing the marxist govt and destabalise the USSR
- USSR had underestimated the degree of fanatical nationalist resistance, were confident that military operations would last approx 4 weeks, they were wrong

impact of the invasion
- detente was irreparably broken
- third world members of the UN GA used to be anti american, now they also supported annual resolutions calling for withdrawal (china opposed the invasion as well)
- eroded morale
- ending detente, jeoperdised its economic/ tech agreements with the US, strain on domestic economy substantial

US reponse
- carter doctrine
- fast response
- partial embargo on the export of cereals and high tech, refused to rectify SALT 2

impact on relations
- soviets were surprised by the speed and decisiveness of american reaction
- america perceived soviet actions as aggression which was intended as a stepping stone to their possible control over much of the world's oil supplies even though soviet actions were plausibly defensive

# data[].attributes.headline
march 1981 reagan increased aid to el salvador govt and sent in mil advisors

# data[].attributes.subject
march 1981 reagan increased aid to el salvador govt and sent in mil advisors

# data[].attributes.body
reagan froze carter’s aid package to nicaragua as they were aiding and abetting violence in el salvador and extended aid to al salvador instead

# data[].attributes.headline
23 nov 1981 reagan signed a secret directive which gave the CIA the authority to recruit and support the contras with $19 million in military aid 

# data[].attributes.subject
23 nov 1981 reagan signed a secret directive which gave the CIA the authority to recruit and support the contras with $19 million in military aid 

# data[].attributes.headline
march 1983 reagan annoucned the SDI (star wars)

# data[].attributes.subject
march 1983 reagan annoucned the SDI (star wars)

# data[].attributes.headline
march 1983 Contras began insurgency operations against the sandinista govt

# data[].attributes.subject
march 1983 Contras began insurgency operations against the sandinista govt

# data[].attributes.body
committing atrocities in the process

# data[].attributes.headline
may 1983 US granted the PRC greater access to US civilian technology

# data[].attributes.subject
may 1983 US granted the PRC greater access to US civilian technology

# data[].attributes.body
Prime Minister Bishop, a leftist, was deposed and killed. He had alarmed the Reagan administration as he had allowed the cubans to build an airfield on the island and had signed military agreements with the communist bloc countries.

the new military council that took power led by general austin was more communist than bishop