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Mauna Loa Observatory is a research station located on top of a volcano in Hawaii, and there, scientists have been measuring carbon dioxide levels in our atmosphere for decades. This graph shows their measurements.

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Monthly Average Mauna Loa CO₂

The graphs show monthly mean carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. The carbon dioxide data on Mauna Loa constitute the longest record of direct measurements of CO ₂ in the atmosphere. They were started by C. David Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in March of 1958 at a facility of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[Keeling, 1976]. NOAA started its own CO ₂ measurements in May of 1974, and they have run in parallel with those made by Scripps since then[Thoning, 1989].

The last five complete years of the Mauna Loa CO ₂ record plus the current year are shown in the first graph. The full record of combined Scripps data and NOAA data is shown in the second graph. Every monthly mean is the average of daily means, which are in turn based on hourly averages, but only for those hours during which "background" conditions prevail (see gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/about/co2_measurements.html for more information).

The red lines and symbols represent the monthly mean values, centered on the middle of each month. The black lines and symbols represent the same, after correction for the average seasonal cycle. The latter is determined as a moving average of SEVEN adjacent seasonal cycles centered on the month to be corrected, except for the first and last THREE and one-half years of the record, where the seasonal cycle has been averaged over the first and last SEVEN years, respectively.

The vertical bars on the black lines of the first graph show the uncertainty of each monthly mean based on the observed variability of CO ₂ in different weather systems as they go past the top of Mauna Loa. This is manifest in the deviations of daily means from a smooth curve that follows the seasonal cycle[Thoning, 1989]. We take into account that successive daily means are not fully independent, the CO ₂ deviation on most days has some similarity to that of the previous day. If there is a missing month, its interpolated value is shown in blue.

The last year of data are still preliminary, pending recalibrations of reference gases and other quality control checks. Data are reported as a dry air mole fraction defined as the number of molecules of carbon dioxide divided by the number of all molecules in air, including CO ₂ itself, after water vapor has been removed. The mole fraction is expressed as parts per million (ppm). Example: 0.000400 is expressed as 400 ppm.

The Mauna Loa data are being obtained at an altitude of 3400 m in the northern subtropics, and may not be the same as the globally averaged CO₂ concentration at the surface.

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Global Monitoring Laboratory - Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases

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The graphs show monthly mean carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. The carbon dioxide data on Mauna Loa constitute the longest record of direct measurements of CO 2 in the atmosphere. They were started by C. David Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in March of 1958 at a facility of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[Keeling, 1976].

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When you click this link, scroll down to TIME SERIES: 1884 TO 2021. Find the map and press play.

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Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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Key Takeaway:

Earth's global average surface temperature in 2020 statistically tied with 2016 as the hottest year on record, continuing a long-term warming trend due to human activities.

This graph shows the change in global surface temperature compared to the long-term average from 1951 to 1980. The year 2020 statistically tied with 2016 for the hottest year on record since recordkeeping began in 1880 (source: NASA/GISS). NASA's analyses generally match independent analyses prepared by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and other institutions.

The animation on the right shows the change in global surface temperatures. Dark blue shows areas cooler than average. Dark red shows areas warmer than average. Short-term variations are smoothed out using a 5-year running average to make trends more visible in this map.

The data shown are the latest available, updated annually.

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Global Surface Temperature | NASA Global Climate Change

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A graph and an animated time series showing the change in global surface temperature relative to 1951-1980 average temperatures. The year 2020 ties with 2016 as the warmest on record.

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Sea Level Rise Viewer: View projected sea level rise at any coastal location up to 6 feet of inundation from flooding, hurricane storm surge, high tides.

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Sea level has risen 8-9 inches since 1880, and the rate is accelerating thanks to glacier and ice sheet melt.