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Language is fundamental to human society and has been essential for the development of civilization, science, art, and technology. It highlights the unique characteristics of human language compared to animal communication, such as its arbitrariness, creativity, and systematic structure. The text further emphasizes that language is not just spoken or written words, but a complex system with different levels and variations.

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Language can be analyzed at various levels: morphemes, words in sentences, and how social factors, regions, and individual quirks influence how we communicate. This complex system constantly evolves, with new words appearing alongside the loss of older ones seen in historical works like Shakespeare's. Despite these variations, the core elements of spoken, written, and even gestural communication remain fundamental to human interaction.

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Language is arbitrary, meaning the connection between words and their meanings isn't logical or natural. Different languages choose entirely different words for the same concept, like "woman" in English compared to "aurat" in Urdu. This randomness allows for multiple languages to exist, rather than just one universal language for all.

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Human language possesses two key characteristics: creativity and productivity. This means we can combine existing elements to form entirely new expressions, even if neither speaker nor listener has encountered them before. Additionally, language is dynamic, adapting and evolving based on the needs and situations within a society.

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Languages, despite being symbolic, are not just random collections of words. Each language follows a specific organization, forming a "system of systems." This inherent structure includes core systems like grammar and phonology. Within these major systems, there are even smaller sub-systems, such as ways to express plurality, mood, and tense.

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Language is built on a system of symbols, both spoken sounds and written characters, that are assigned meanings by convention. These symbols aren't inherently linked to what they represent, but rather agreed upon by language users.

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Languages are not deliberate inventions, but rather products of evolution and shared use within communities. They are passed down through generations, constantly evolving and adapting like other human institutions. Unlike instincts, languages are learned, not inherited, relying on our innate capacity for language acquisition.

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Despite its seemingly arbitrary symbols and evolving nature, language is a complex system with various levels of organization. It allows for endless creativity and adaptation, serving as a cornerstone of human interaction and societal development.