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The cognitive theory of language acquisition says that our thinking, memory, and problem-solving abilities help us learn languages. It's not just copying others, but we also actively build mental structures to understand and use language. This theory also stresses how social interactions and real-life situations play a big part in learning languages. Essentially, it sees language learning as a blend of mental growth and social interaction.

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Linguistic factors in language acquisition are the elements of language like: grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, and sounds that affect how people learn and use a language. These factors shape how learners understand and speak a language as they develop their skills. There is also an academic linguistic language that can affect how a student perceives what is being taught to them. A great example of a linguistic factor would be an accent that a teacher may have such as a Southern accent or a British accent.

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Physical factors are probably the easiest and most affective way to communicate and portray a concept to students and English Language Learners. These factors can include things such as drawing, pointing to a picture that represents a familiar word, or even putting pictures in a particular order.

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The Affective Factor states that language is also influenced by a multitude of feelings that a person can have while learning such as: self-esteem, confidence, attitudes, and motivation to learn. By creating a less stressful and welcoming environment, a teacher can implement their lesson plan in a more productive way.

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Sociocultural factors like social interactions, cultural values, exposure to language models, education, and identity all affect how people learn languages. These factors shape how languages are used and understood, influence learning environments, and connect language to personal and community identities. Certain factors like if a teacher is of Polish decent from Chicago may influence a second generation immigrant from Mexico to be more comfortable with sharing their answers with the class. Relatability is a key factor in the sociocultural aspect of language acquisition.

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Political factors in language acquisition involve government policies and decisions that affect how languages are taught, learned, and used. These include language policies that designate official languages or promote bilingualism, decisions on language rights such as education access, planning to preserve cultural diversity or national unity through languages, shaping language education programs and resources, and influencing language choices as symbols of identity or cultural heritage. Overall, political decisions impact how languages are acquired and maintained within a society.