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Póstaeir ar na Botúin is Coitianta (Leagan Ultach)

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Third Level Essay Competition (Comórtas Aistí Néill Uí Dhónaill)

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adjective audio pronunciation of irish gaelic translations

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adjective - translation to Irish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic audio pronunciation of translations: See more in New English-Irish Dictionary from Foras na Gaeilge

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Fáilte go NuachtAnois - seirbhís úr nuachta do Ghaelscoileanna! Beidh alt nua nuachta againn daoibh gach lá! Níos mó eolais anseo.

Ba bhreá linn aiseolas a fháil uait sna seachtainí amach romhainn. Má tá rud ar bith anseo nach n-oibríonn, nó rud a d'fhéadfaimis a dhéanamh níos fearr - abair linn! Cuir scéal chuig eolas@leighanois.com. 😊😊😊

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Fáilte go NuachtAnois - seirbhís úr nuachta do Ghaelscoileanna! Beidh alt nua nuachta againn daoibh gach lá! Níos mó eolais anseo. Ba bhreá linn aiseolas a fháil uait sna seachtainí amach romhainn. Má tá rud ar bith anseo nach n-oibríonn, nó rud a d'fhéadfaimis a dhéanamh níos fearr - abair linn!

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Share your videos with friends, family, and the world

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Sraith 50 físeán atá in “Fís agus Foghlaim” a bhfuil sé mar sprioc léi foghlaim na gramadaí a dhéanamh i bhfad níos éasca agus i bhfad níos spraíúla. Dírítea…

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In our previous lesson on counting we learned all about the independent numbers or the maoluimhreacha in Irish Gaelic. These are the numbers used when counting aloud (think playing hide and seek). This lesson we are going to learn about counting actual objects. For this we will need to leverage our study of urú and séimhiú.

They easiest way for you to understand the slight changes in the numbers when used for counting is to lay them side by side with the maoluimhreacha which you learned a few lessons ago. Let's take our favourite word again (bád) as an example.

Maoluimreacha Bunuimhreacha + Bád
a haon bád amháin
a dó dhá b hád
a trí trí b hád
a ceathair ceithre b hád
a cúig cúig b hád
a sé sé b hád
a seacht seacht mbád
a hocht ocht mbád
a naoi naoi mbád
a deich deich m bád

So lets look at the rules which we see from the above comparison.

The use of a before the numbers only applies to when counting out loud as opposed to counting a group of objects.

The numbers from 2-6 require the use of a séimhiú. (For more on séimhiú, check the link)

The numbers 7-10 require the use of an urú (For more on urú, click here). In general the letter s takes a t before it, however, when counting there is no t placed before the t, eg sé siopa, seacht siopa, ocht siopa.

A haon changes form completely when used in counting. This is because aon bád would mean any boat. Instead amháin emphasizes the fact that you are talking about one boat. It is the only of the cardinal numbers which follows the object being counted. It is pronounced awawn )

Dó becomes dhá (pronounced gaw)

Ceathair becomes ceithre (pronounced kerra)

The counting of objects beginning with vowels is simple. They cant take a séimhiú so instead they just take an urú from 7-10 (the urú for vowels is n-). dhá úll and seacht n-úll.

For the vast majority of objects in Irish they are counted using the singular. So, as you can see, the word bád never changes in the above example whether counting one boat or two boats.
So, for example one would say
Tá dhá bhád agam. (I have two boats) using the singular
but
Tá na báid go deimhin san fharraige (The boats are out deep at sea) for general boats.
By the way, the second is the first line of an old song Tá na Báid (click to open).

So now you have the rules down for counting up to ten of something. Next lesson we will learn the rules for counting larger numbers of objects. Don't worry, they are not too tricky.

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uimhreacha 2 - na Bunuimhreacha Numbers 2 - Cardinal Numbers - Counting Objects

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In our previous lesson on counting we learned all about the independent numbers or the maoluimhreacha in Irish Gaelic . These are the numbers used when counting aloud (think playing hide and seek)....

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Aidiacht Shealbhach - YouTube Presentation

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Aidiacht Shealbhach - YouTube Presentation

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Aidiacht Shealbhach - Rang Gaeilge (NO MUSIC 2020)

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Wordwall - Create better lessons quicker

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Find the match - Tap the matching answer to eliminate it. Repeat until all answers are gone.

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Copy and paste the Ray ID when you contact the site owner.

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Design a poster or infographic about a grammar rule.

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Canva is a free-to-use online graphic design tool. Use it to create social media posts, presentations, posters, videos, logos and more.

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Séideán Sí - Aimsigh na briathra san A.C.

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Séideán Sí - Aimsigh na briathra san A.C.

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Tá raon áiseanna agus gníomhaíochtaí digiteacha ar fáil ar an suíomh seo atá bunaithe ar a bhfuil ar fáil cheana sa chlár clóite agus ar forbairt iad ar ghnéithe ar leith den chlár sin.

Cruthaíodh an t-ábhar spreagúil seo chun cur ar chumas páistí forbairt a dhéanamh ar na scileanna teanga atá foghlamtha acu. Tá sé bunaithe ar an gcur chuige cumarsáideach agus déantar comhtháthú ann ar na trí shnáithe: teanga ó bhéal, léitheoireacht agus scríbhneoireacht.

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Tá raon áiseanna agus gníomhaíochtaí digiteacha ar fáil ar an suíomh seo atá bunaithe ar a bhfuil ar fáil cheana sa chlár clóite agus ar forbairt iad ar ghnéithe ar leith den chlár sin. Cruthaíodh an t-ábhar spreagúil seo chun cur ar chumas páistí forbairt a dhéanamh ar na scileanna teanga atá foghlamtha acu.

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Gramadaí na Gaeilge

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Tá raon áiseanna agus gníomhaíochtaí digiteacha ar fáil ar an suíomh seo atá bunaithe ar a bhfuil ar fáil cheana sa chlár clóite agus ar forbairt iad ar ghnéithe ar leith den chlár sin.

Cruthaíodh an t-ábhar spreagúil seo chun cur ar chumas páistí forbairt a dhéanamh ar na scileanna teanga atá foghlamtha acu. Tá sé bunaithe ar an gcur chuige cumarsáideach agus déantar comhtháthú ann ar na trí shnáithe: teanga ó bhéal, léitheoireacht agus scríbhneoireacht.

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Tá raon áiseanna agus gníomhaíochtaí digiteacha ar fáil ar an suíomh seo atá bunaithe ar a bhfuil ar fáil cheana sa chlár clóite agus ar forbairt iad ar ghnéithe ar leith den chlár sin. Cruthaíodh an t-ábhar spreagúil seo chun cur ar chumas páistí forbairt a dhéanamh ar na scileanna teanga atá foghlamtha acu.

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Padlat bunaithe ar Sraith póstaer ó CCEA a chabhróidh le páistí dul i dtaithí ar fhuaimeanna chonsain na Gaeilge ag tús focal

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Wordwall - Create better lessons quicker

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Need a fresh teaching resource that fits your class and teaching style? Create a customized pack of interactive and printable activities in just one minute.

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Interacty: Interactive Content and Gamification Platform for Educators and Business. | Interacty

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Create quizzes, memory and matching games, puzzle, interactive images, flip cards, timelines, and other interactive experiences. Educate, generate leads, collect data and drive more traffic. Create interactive projects in minutes with dozens of ready-made templates. Customize like never before. Get maximum efficiency with detailed analytics and integrations. Get started for free!

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Students can use their Chromebooks to access Quizlet Live, where they can engage in real-time grammar quizzes. This will help reinforce their Irish grammar skills interactively.

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Join a game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn – any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!

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Create or use pre-made Kahoot quizzes focused on Irish grammar topics. Students can compete in a fun, game-based environment using their Chromebooks.

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© Copyright 2024 · Daltaí na Gaeilge · All Rights Reserved.

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Litriú, Dánta, Amhráin, Scéalta and Féilire

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Litriú, Dánta, Amhráin, Scéalta and Féilire

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Cé Muid

Is múinteoirí bunscoile a bhunaigh an gnó seo, Leighleat, agus iad ag iarraidh réimse leathan áiseanna digiteacha a chur ar fáil chun tacaíocht a thabhairt do lucht teagaisc agus do lucht foghlamtha na Gaeilge ag leibhéal na bunscoile.

Dá bhrí sin tá na riachtanais a bhaineann le hacmhainní i leith múineadh na Gaeilge ar eolas go rímhaith ag gach duine ar an bhfoireann. Chuige sin, bíonn ealaíontóirí agus ríomhchláraitheoirí den scoth ag obair go dian chun cláir nua-aimseartha, taitneamhacha a chur ar fáil.

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Official education portal of the Department of Education and Skills in Ireland. Curriculum focused resources and support for primary and post primary teachers.

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Gramadach na Gaeilge - An Caighdeán Oifigiúil

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Gramadach na Gaeilge - An Caighdeán Oifigiúil

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chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/caighdeanOifigiul/2017/2017-08-03_an-caighdean-oifigiuil-2017_en.pdf

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Set up a classroom on Duolingo where students can practice Irish grammar through structured modules. Progress and proficiency can be tracked via the teacher dashboard.

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Welcome to Duolingo's Irish course! In this course you will learn the official standard (an Caighdeán Oifigiúil) of Irish. But note, this is a written, and not a spoken standard. Irish is spoken in three main dialects, corresponding to three Irish provinces of Munster (south), Ulster (north), and Connacht (west). The audio in this course was recorded by a native speaker of the Connacht dialect.

So what makes Irish different? What might challenge you as you try to learn? Well, tonnes of things! To be honest, even the basics of Irish are very different from what you're probably used to.

The best advice we can give is that with Irish, learning things off by heart and trying to base your learning on grammar will only get you so far. It's a very irregular language, and most rules that try to generalise come with many exceptions.

Just take it as slowly as you need to, and nothing should challenge you very much. There is a really good article about some of the more fascinating peculiarities here: https://multikulti.wordpress.com/2014/09/15/10-reasons-why-irish-is-an-absolutely-awesome-language/

We'll also address a couple below. So let's get started then!

The Irish alphabet is short and sweet:

a b c d e f g h i l m n o p r s t u

The vowels can take an added accent, the fada (pronounced 'foddah'):

á é í ó ú

The fada lengthens and alters the sound on the vowel.

The rest of the English alphabet, j k q v w x y z, especially v, is gradually being naturalised into Irish due to the many loanwords we take in.

Learn how to type accented letters here: https://www.duolingo.com/comment/4278237

Most English sentences use the "Subject-Verb-Object" word order. For example, in the sentence He eats food, he is the subject, eats is the verb, and food is the object.

In Irish, a slightly different word order is used: "V-S-O". Here is the same sentence in Irish: Itheann sé bia. The verb in this sentence is itheann (a form of the verb to eat), the subject is sé (he), and the object is bia (food).

In summary: Irish sentences start with their verbs!

Irish makes it interesting when you want to say what something "is", because you need to choose the right version of the verb "to be"! There are two versions. called bí and an chopail.

Bí is Irish for to be, and is one of only eleven irregular verbs in the whole language. That's handy!

Notes: tá + mé (I) = táim, tá + muid (we) = táimid. These contractions are called the synthetic form.

An chopail (the copula) is a defective verb with its own funky grammar. It doesn't even follow the normal word order rules! The word you are talking about goes in the middle.

The copula is for when you're introducing something or someone, like "Is bean í" (She is a woman) or "Is úll é" (It is an apple). Bí is for when you're describing something or someone, like "Tá sí ard" (She is tall) or "Tá sé blasta" (It is tasty). You'll learn the basics of both here, and later you'll learn some more about each of them!

You're still here. That's wonderful! We'll start with a strange but important little rule:

"Caol le caol agus leathan le leathan."

This is the golden rule of Irish spelling and it is important for all sorts of things all the time. It's actually quite a consistent and well-observed rule across Irish, which is very rare. You should get very used to it, to the point that a word which doesn't follow the rule will stand out to you.

The phrase literally means "slender with slender and broad with broad", and it refers to vowels in a word.

Slender vs broad is a way to group the vowels in two distinct groups:

The rule says that the vowels on either side of any consonant should match: they should both be slender, or both be broad. It's actually an important rule, because certain consonants, especially s and t will change their sound appreciably depending on whether they are slender or broad.

To see if the stem of a verb is broad or slender, look at the last vowel in that stem.

For example, take the verbs dún and bris. The last vowel in dún is broad, so you would use broad endings when conjugating this verb. Similarly you would use slender endings when conjugating bris.

We do have two present tenses in Irish, which function just like in English. Let's start with the present habitual. This describes what one does on a regular basis, not what one is doing right now. Verbs in Irish are split into three main groups: the first conjugation, the second conjugation and the irregular verbs.

Basically, these verbs have only one syllable. In the present tense the ending is, generally, added directly onto the stem. Examples are dún ("close"), ól ("drink"), bris ("break")

Examples:

Notice how sometimes it takes two words, and sometimes just one. In present tense verbs, mé and muid are often not used; they can be incorporated into their verb to make the 'synthetic form'.

These verbs have more than one syllable. To conjugate and use them correctly takes a bit more intuition, but you'll be grand! The words come in two halves for you to identify. They will have a root and a stem. To conjugate them, you will remove the stem and replace it with an appropriate ending. There aren't too many endings to learn.

Examples of 2nd-conjugation verbs are bailigh, ceannaigh, oscail, and inis. Watch how their stems are removed/altered to take the ending:

Oh no, a different beast altogether... No hassle, there are only 11 of these! Some of them appear quite regular most of the time, but all of them have at least one tense in which they don't obey the standard rules, so it is necessary to memorise these 11 verbs in all their forms and tenses! Just to warn you, they are:

But seriously, they're not that bad.

See you in the next skill!

Welcome to Phrases!

The formal way to greet someone is by saying Dia duit. Literally this means God to you. Here is something to note:

Dia duit is used when greeting one person.

Dia daoibh is used when greeting more than one person.

The proper response is Dia is Muire duit, which literally means God and Mary to you.

Dia is Muire duit is used when replying to one person.

Dia is Muire daoibh is used when replying to more than one person.

Note on the Sociology of Ireland: These forms are old, formal, and in sharp decline. There is a complicated relationship between Ireland and the Catholic church in recent history, and many younger speakers consciously avoid the nearly-obsolete religious constructions of yore. We don't officially teach you this here, because we decided to stick with The Standard so we have to teach you "dia duit" and so on. Just be aware you're more likely to hear somebody greet you with a typical English greeting like "hiya", or even by avoiding a "hello" and just asking how you are - Conas atá tú? -

We don't say "have" in Irish, that's way too simple and direct. Instead the verb bí ( be) is used together with the preposition ag ( at).

To express that you have something, you say that it is "at you" - implying that it is close by you, in your possession. If you want to say Paul has a book, think of this as meaning A book is at Paul, or There is a book at Paul . The Irish for this is Tá leabhar ag Pól.

When you want to write at followed by a pronoun, the two words join together to make a "prepositional pronoun". For example, ag and mé combine to form agam ( at me). Here is ag in all its forms:

To speak or to have?

When talking about languages in Irish there are distinct ways to translate the two meanings of the English "speak".

1) "I speak Irish" would translate as "Labhraím Gaeilge" if "speak" was referring to the act of speaking the language ("I speak Irish every day")

2) "I speak Irish" would translate as "Tá Gaeilge agam" (literally "I have Irish") if "speak" was referring to the ability to speak, or the knowledge of, the language.

So when you say "I (can) speak [language]", in Irish you literally say "I have [language]"

See you in the next skill!

Welcome to Food!

There is no verb meaning to like in Irish. Instead the copula is used, together with the adjective maith ( good) and a version of the preposition le ( with). To express that you like something, you say that it is maith liom ( good with me). In this case, maith is understood as a noun meaning "a good thing" and maith liom being "a thing I consider good". For example, if you want to say I like cake, think of this as meaning Cake is a thing I consider good. The Irish for this is Is maith liom cáca.

Here is le in its main forms:

Examples:

Now that that's cleared up, you get going on the lessons and we'll see you in the next skill.

Let's review Irish articles so you know how to apply your existing knowledge to plurals.

There are no indefinite articles in Irish. Where in English you would say a or an before a noun, in Irish you just say the noun itself. For example, buachaill can mean either boy or a boy.

When it comes to plurals, the Irish system is similar to that in English. Buachaillí means boys, so no definite article is used in either language.

There are two forms of the definite article in Irish. An is used for singular nouns and is translated as the in English. For example, an buachaill means the boy*.✝

Na is used for plural nouns and is also translated as the in English. For example, na buachaillí means the boys.✝

Note

There are two things you should note!

An vs. An: The Irish an (definite article, singluar) should never be confused with the English an (indefinite article, before vowels, sometimes the letter h). Be careful with these two!

An = The, Na = The, but An ≠ Na: The two Irish definite articles an and na both mean the in English, but remember that they have different uses in Irish.

✝: In the nominative case. The way these articles are used change a bit in the other cases, but we will deal with these later when we come to them.

Welcome to Eclipsis!

It's time to learn a very peculiarly Celtic feature; initial mutation!

Urú ( eclipsis) is where one or two letters are added before a word in certain situations. This changes the spelling and pronunciation of the word, but not the meaning. Only some initial letters can be eclipsed: b, c, d, f, g, p, and t. Words that begin with other letters do not undergo eclipsis at all.

Here are the extra letters that are added before the word:

Different dialects of Irish have different rules about when eclipsis should be used. It would be extremely confusing to list them all here! It is more important to pick a single system and to stick with it for consistency - so in this course, we will teach the system traditionally used in Standard Irish.

Eclipsis is used in the following situations:

Examples:

Eclipsis occurs after the numbers seven to 10.

Examples:

Eclipsis occurs after certain prepositions where they are joined by the singular definite article an:

Other prepositions used with an (for example, idir an between the) do not cause eclipsis.

Examples:

An exception to this rule is that the word should not be eclipsed if it begins with d or t.

Examples:

If the word begins with s and is feminine, a t is placed in front of it - except for nouns beginning with sc, sf, sm, sp, st or sv.

Example:

If the word begins with s and is masculine, no change occurs.

Example:

Example:

Words that start with a vowel do not technically undergo eclipsis, but they do get the letter n- added to them wherever other words would be eclipsed - unless they come after a word that finishes with the letter n. Examples:

A dash is placed between the letter n and the vowel - unless that vowel is a capital letter.

Examples:

Some words that start with a vowel are normally preceded by t- when they follow the word an the. For these words, after preposition + definite article combinations the t- is left out.

Examples:

That might be a lot of information to process, but it should make sense once you see it in action. Good luck and see you in the next skill :D

Séimhiú ( lenition) is where an extra h is added between the first and second letters of a word in certain situations. This changes the spelling and pronunciation of the word, but not the meaning. Only some initial letters can be lenited: b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s, and t. Words that begin with other letters do not undergo lenition at all. Here are examples of words being lenited:

Lenition is used in the following situations.

Feminine nouns are lenited after the definite article an in the nominative case. Examples:

An exception to this rule is that feminine nouns beginning with d or t are not lenited. Another exception is that nouns beginning with s becomes ts if the s precedes a vowel, l, n or r.

Examples:

Singular feminine nouns cause lenition of the following adjective. Examples:

Note: Only when the adjective directly follows its noun.

Lenition occurs after the numbers one to six. Examples:

The vocative case is used when directly addressing someone or something, as in Cá bhfuil tú, a chailín? Where are you, girl? Lenition is used after the vocative particle a. (Note that masculine nouns and names are also slenderised after the vocative particle: fear becomes a fhir, and Pól becomes a Phóil.)

More on this case in a later skill.

Examples:

7. Other Words

Lenition is also used after the phrase nuair a when, the prefixes ró- too and an- very, and the word má if (unless the next word is a version of tá or deir). Other special cases will be highlighted in other lessons.

Examples:

This is a handy mnemonic! If a word begins with d, t or s and it would normally be lenited according to the above rules, but the word that came before it in the sentence ends with d, n, t, l or s, then the word is not lenited. Examples:

Phew! I hope that wasn't too complicated. It will start to make sense when you see some more examples! Good luck and see you in the next skill :D

When possessives are used in Irish, certain changes occur to the following word. There are two systems: one for words starting with a consonant, and one for word starting with a vowel.

Here are the possessive adjectives and changes that occur when a word begins with a consonant:

Before words starting with fh + a vowel, mo and do are abbreviated to m' and d', with no space before the next word.

Examples:

If the word begins with a consonant that does not undergo lenition (or eclipsis), the spelling remains unchanged.

Examples:

Here are the possessive adjectives and changes that occur when a word begins with a vowel:

Instead of lenition or eclipsis, here you can see two other initial letter mutations used in Irish: the h-prefix and the n-prefix.

The h-prefix is used after the word a (when it means her). Note that there is no hyphen.

The n-prefix is used after ár, bhur, and a (when it means their). Note the hyphen between the n- and the word.

You can also see from the examples above that m' and d are used instead of mo or do, with no space before the next word.

The possessive adjective a can mean his, her, its or their. If you look at the tables above, you can see how to identify which one is used. It is usually clear from context, and from the word that follows the possessive.

In Irish, it is important to note that there are two present tenses: the present, and the present habitual. The present describes what one is doing (right now) and the present habitual is used to describe what one does (every day, every week, and so on).

In this skill you will learn verbs in the present habitual. You previously met the endings for conjugating regular verbs in the present habitual tense in Basics 2. But, lets revisit them here.

These verbs have only one syllable¹, and the root form seen in the dictionary is identical to the stem used for verb conjugation. In the present tense the ending is, generally, added directly onto the stem. Examples are dún ("close"), ól ("drink"), bris ("break")

¹There is a small handful of first conjugation verbs that have more than one syllable. They aren't considered irregular- just a bit odd. These will be dealt with later.

²In present tense verbs, mé and muid are generally not used; instead, they are incorporated into the verb that precedes it, to make what is known as the "synthetic form".

Examples:

These verbs have more than one syllable. Many end in -aigh and -igh in the root form seen in the dictionary; to get the stem used for conjugation, the last syllable of the root is removed (i.e. remove the -aigh/-igh). The endings are then added to that stem. Examples include ceannaigh buy, bailigh collect. The stems for these would be ceann- and bail-.

Others end in -ail/-il, -ain/-in, -ais/-is or -air/-ir. To get the stem, the last syllable of the root is removed but the very last letter is kept, and then the appropriate ending is added. Examples include inis tell and oscail open. The stems for these would be ins- and oscl-.

Examples:

The last group of verbs in Irish are the irregular verbs. There are only 11 of these. Some of them appear quite regular most of the time, but all of them have at least one tense in which they don't obey the standard rules, so it is necessary to memorise these 11 verbs in all their forms and tenses!

To ask a question in this tense using a verb, you use the question word an and add an eclipsis ( urú) to the verb if possible.

Examples:

The irregular verb bí be is an exception:

To put a verb in the present habitual tense into the negative form, you use the negation word ní and add a lenition ( séimhiú) to the verb if possible.

Examples:

Again, the verb bí is an exception in this tense, as well as the verb abair say:

Irish has no word for "yes" or "no". That means when someone asks a questions using a verb like those above, you either answer with the positive form of the verb (the standard conjugated form) or the negative form (as seen above) Example:

An ndúnann tú an doras? Do you close the door?

Dúnaim (an doras) Yes, I close the door. (literally just "I close (the door)")

Ní dhúnaim (an doras) No, I do not close the door (literally just "I do not close (the door)")

Adjectives (such as colors) generally come after the noun in Irish. Their spelling is modified so that they agree with the noun, in number and in gender.

An adjective that follows a masculine singular noun does not change (for example, an bosca dubh the black box).

An adjective that follows a feminine singular noun is lenited if possible (for example, an eilifint dhubh the black elephant).

An adjective that follows a plural noun has its spelling changed to the plural form of that adjective. If the noun ends with a slender consonant, the adjective is also lenited.What is a slender consonant? A slender consonant is a consonant with a slender vowel ( e é or i í) next to it. For example, in the word beoir, r is a slender consonant.

In this skill, we give you the basic vocabulary to describe most of the colours. One fun quirk in Irish is that there aren't of lots of words for all the different shades on the spectrum. Instead, you describe a particular colour by naming something that has that colour, or adding some detail (such as another colour!). So for example, you could distinguish something that is spéirghorm sky-blue from something that is gormghlas blue-green, or contrast dearg red with bándearg pink ( literally white-red). Use the vocabulary you learn and get creative to think of how you could say things like 'blood-red', and 'forest green'!

When asking a question in English, you generally use a W question word such as who, where, what. Similarly, in Irish you generally use a C question word such as cé, cá, cad. Here are some examples of C question words:

There is no direct translation for the words yes and no in Irish. Where in English you would use these words to answer a question, in Irish you repeat the verb from the original question in either the positive or the negative form. (You can choose to omit the pronoun if you like - unless you are using a synthetic form of the verb.)

Examples:

Do you play soccer? Yes. = Do you play soccer? I play. = An imríonn tú sacar? Imrím.

Do you eat cheese? No. = Do you eat cheese? I do not eat. = An itheann tú cáis? Ní ithim.

Does she work in the city? Yes. = Does she work in the city? She works. = An oibríonn sí sa chathair? Oibríonn (sí).

Do the children listen to you? No. = Do the children listen to you? They do not listen. = An éisteann na páistí leat? Ní éisteann (siad).

Prepositions ( réamhfhocail) are short words that express relationships between things, like to, for, with, on, between.

In Irish most prepositions are usually written on their own, but when you use them together with a pronoun ( me, you, he, she, it, us, them), the two words get contracted together to make what are known as prepositional pronouns ( forainmneacha réamhfhoclacha).

Here are five prepositional pronouns in all their forms:

Examples:

When used in specific ways, some prepositions have special idiomatic meanings in Irish. You already met the idiomatic use of ag to mean have in Basics 2; here are some other examples.

The basic meaning of this word is on. For example, Ritheann sé ar bhóthar means He runs on a road. When used with the verb bí, it conveys the idea of obligation to do something. For example, Tá orm rith means I must run. (The literal translation of the phrase would be "It is on me to run".)

The basic meaning of this word is from. For example, Ritheann sé ó theach means He runs from a house. When used with the verb bí, it conveys the idea of wanting something. For example, Tá bia uaim means I want food. (The literal translation of the phrase would be "food is from me".)

Another way to express wanting something is to use the verb teastaigh ( to be wanted/needed), followed by a version of ó. Written this way, Teastaíonn bia uaim is the alternative way to say I want food; it can also mean I need food. (A literal translation would be "food is needed from me".)

In previous skills you will already have met lenition and eclipsis, the two most important initial mutations that can occur to words in Irish. Here are some other more minor changes that can occur.

If a masculine singular noun starts with a vowel, a t- is added at the start of the word after the definite article an (for example, am time, an t-am the time; uisce water, an t-uisce the water). A hyphen is placed between the letter t and the vowel -unless that vowel is a capital letter (for example, an tUachtarán the President).

Exceptions include euro euro, iomad a great number, and oiread amount. These are written as an euro, an iomad and an oiread respectively. Other exceptions include the following number words: aon one, aonú first, ochtó eighty, ochtú eighth, ochtódú eightieth.

If a plural noun starts with a vowel, a h is added at the start of the word after the definite article na (for example, ainmneacha names, na hainmneacha the names). No hyphen is used.

If a feminine singular noun starts with s, AND the s is itself followed by a vowel, l, n or r, then a t is added at the start of the word after the definite article an (for example, seanbhean old woman, an tseanbhean the old woman). No hyphen is used.

The names of the seasons and months in the Irish calendar reflect ancient Gaelic culture and tradition.

The seasons of the year are:

The seasons are based around the summer and winter solstices (the longest and shortest days of the year, which take place around 21 June and 21 December respectively in the northern hemisphere) and the equinoxes (the days in spring and autumn on which night and day are of equal length, around 20 March and 22 September in the northern hemisphere). The summer solstice in June is deemed to be the high point of summer and the months of summer are May, June and July accordingly. The other seasons are similarly centred around the winter solstice in December, and the vernal and autumnal equinoxes in March and September. The months of the year are:

Bealtaine, Lúnasa and Samhain were all originally pagan festivals occuring around these times. Meán Fómhair and Deireadh Fómhair literally mean middle of the harvest and end of the harvest. Nollaig also means Christmas.

If you look up family in an English-Irish dictionary, you could be presented with all of the above as potential translations - but each has a different meaning!

Muintir is probably the closest to the English word family or kinsfolk, and in its broadest sense it can include parents, children and siblings as well as extended relations.

Teaghlach means family in the sense of household, a group of people living together under the same roof - most commonly parents and children.

Clann refers to the group of children that belong to a set of parents. For example, mo chlann could mean my own children, or my siblings and I. If a girl says that there are five people in her clann, it means that she has four other brothers or sisters.

Examples:

Tiomáinim (I drive) Note the short -im ending, as opposed to the longer -ím ending you might expect

Taispeánann sé (He shows) Note the short -ann ending, as opposed to the longer -aíonn ending you might expect. Also note how the second "i" was dropped from taispeáin to form the stem. This is another peculiarity of some of these verbs

The Habitual Present is used for actions that occur regularly (normally, generally, often, sometimes, seldom, never).

The only verb conjugated in the habitual present tense in Irish is the verb Bí (to be) which becomes Bím (first person singular) or Bíonn sé/sí/muid etc.... In Hiberno-English (the English that is spoken in Ireland) the Irish present habitual has be incorporated into the language using the English verb 'do' as an auxiliary verb followed by a verb in the present continuous tense. This structure is commonly used throughout Ireland.

Examples:

Bím ag rith - I do be running. In standard English this would be written: 'I run often or I usually run' etc....

Bíonn sé ag ól - He does be drinking. In standard English this would be written: 'He drinks often or he regularly drinks' etc...

Bíonn sé ag cur báistí in Éirinn - It does be raining in Ireland. Standard English: 'It rains often in Ireland, in Ireland it regularly rains, it usually rains in Ireland' etc...

Ní bhíonn airgead againn - We don't be having money. In standard English this would be written: 'We don't often have money, we regularly don't have money.

Here are five more prepositional pronouns in all their forms:

Nouns in Irish have different forms depending on their gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural), and case. Irish has several cases, and each one has a specific grammatical function. The case you will have used in previous lessons is called the nominative case ( tuiseal ainmneach), which is used for the subjects and objects of sentences.

The genitive case ( tuiseal ginideach) is used to demonstrate a relationship between two nouns. It can often be translated literally as "of". For example, in the phrase "noun A of noun B", noun A would be written in the nominative, and noun B would be in the genitive.

It is used:

to express ownership ("the dog's bowl", "Paul's sandwich")

after the verbal noun

after some prepositions, like tar éis after or os comhair over

after some adverbs, like go leor lots or níos mó more

Just as when forming a plural, the ending of a noun may change when writing the genitive form, and most nouns obey a regular pattern. For some words the genitive spelling is the same as the nominative singular spelling (or even the plural spelling), but it is always clear from the context which case is being used. Here is an example of the genitive:

This example highlights three separate features:

1. The definite article (in this case an) is used only once in Irish, where it is used twice in English.

2. The noun in the genitive case is lenited (an fhir), whereas it is not lenited in the nominative case (an fear). For singular nouns in the genitive, the rules of lenition in response to gender are reversed compared to the nominative case (in other words, masculine nouns are lenited and feminine nouns are not lenited).

The genitive singular form of fear ( fir) is the same as the plural ( fir). It will be clear from context and/or from the associated article ( an or na) which case is being used.

Examples:

The plural form in the genitive is eclipsed where this is possible. For example, the men's hats is hata na bhfear.

It is helpful to think of the forms in a table like this:

As for the genitive plural, there are many rules to how it is formed and these are best learned by observing patterns. In the example above, the vowel groups change from broad to slender and vice versa [ea] to [i].

For feminine nouns, the definite article na is used in both the genitive singular and genitive plural, as in the following example:

All nouns in Irish belong to one of five groups called declensions ( díochlaontaí). Nouns in each declension follow similar rules for the way they form the genitive and the plural, although there are often exceptions. Most dictionaries indicate the declension to which a given noun belongs.

These nouns are all masculine and end with broad consonants. In the genitive singular, the last consonant is slenderised by swapping the vowels or adding an extra -i-. Some of these nouns end in -ach; the genitive singular for these nouns will change this to -aigh.

These nouns are all feminine. Some end in broad consonants and some end in slender consonants. The genitive singular will usually end in -e. Some of these nouns end in -ach; the genitive singular for these nouns will change this to -aí.

Some end in -óir, -éir or -úir; these are masculine. Others end in -íocht, -acht or -int; these are feminine (with the exception of some short words like acht or ceacht which are masculine). The genitive singular ends in -a*.

These end in -ín or with a vowel. They can be either masculine or feminine. For these nouns, the genitive is identical to the nominative.

Most of these are feminine. The genitive singular is varied for these nouns; they can end in -ach, -n, -nn or -d.

You have already seen the present habitual tense of the verb bí conjugated ( tá mé/ táim, tá tú, and so on). When this is put into the negative, it is conjugated differently.

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Welcome to Duolingo's Irish course! In this course you will learn the official standard (an Caighdeán Oifigiúil) of Irish. But note, this is a written, and not a spoken standard. Irish is spoken in three main dialects, corresponding to three Irish provinces of Munster (south), Ulster (north), and Connacht (west).