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Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) still can’t get enough vaccine doses for COVID-19 or key routine vaccines.

Vaccine manufacturing and distribution are heavily concentrated in wealthy countries....

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Limited supply & intellectual property/patent issues.

High-income countries are buying far more doses than needed for vaccine hoarding.

Weak health infrastructure (cold storage, transport, staffing) in poorer countries.

Price barriers and lack of economic bargaining power.

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Low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South Asia.

Regions dependent on external manufacturers (African & Eastern Mediterranean often depend heavily on vaccines made outside their regions).

Upper-middle & lower-middle income nations also struggle relative to high-income countries.

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High-income countries have purchased enough doses to cover over twice their adult population; LMICs can only cover one-third or less.

In 2021, vaccine supply boomed to ~16 billion doses globally, but low- & middle-income countries often received much less proportionally.

The HPV vaccine has been introduced in just 41% of low-income countries vs 83% in high-income countries though low-income countries carry much of the disease burden.

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Delayed recovery from pandemics, more deaths preventable by vaccines.

More variants can emerge if parts of the world stay under-vaccinated.

Deepens health inequities: children miss out on routine immunizations, populations already vulnerable suffer more.

Economic consequences for countries left behind.

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WHO — Global Vaccine Market Report & calling for equitable vaccine access. GAVI, The Vaccine Alliance- helps distribute vaccines to poorer countries, supports immunization programs.

COVAX — joint effort by GAVI, WHO, CEPI etc. to ensure LMICs get access to vaccines during pandemics.

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World Health Organization. (2022, November 9). Global disparity in access to essential vaccines. UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/11/1130402

KFF. (2022). Global COVID-19 Vaccine Access: A Snapshot of Inequality. https://www.kff.org/covid-19/global-covid-19-vaccine-access-snapshot-of-inequality/

World Health Organization. (2022). Global Vaccine Market Report.

People’s Vaccine Alliance / World Economic Forum. (2023). Lives lost due to inequitable vaccine distribution.