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The Renaissance was a period of European rebirth in art, literature, and science that bridged the Middle Ages and modern civilization.

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The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant Christianity.

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Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance diplomat and write.

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The Medici family was an influential Italian banking dynasty that ruled Florence and Tuscany during the Renaissance and were celebrated patrons of the arts.

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During the Renaissance, Florence, Italy was a wealthy and influential Italian city-state.

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Leonardo da Vinci was a multi-talented Italian artist and inventor from the Renaissance period.

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Michelangelo was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, and architect

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Humanism is a philosophy and ethical framework emphasizing the value, dignity, and capabilities of human beings.

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Petrarch was a 14th-century Italian poet and scholar.

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Dante Alighieri was a medieval Italian poet.

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Erasmus was a Dutch humanist scholar who championed the philosophy of Christ.

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Martin Luther was a German priest and theologian.

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John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor, and influential figure in the Protestant Reformation.

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The Counter/Catholic Reformation was the Catholic Church's 16th-century movement to revitalize itself from within and respond to the challenges of the Protestant Reformation.

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The Council of Trent was the Roman Catholic Church's 16th-century ecumenical council convened to respond to the challenges of the Protestant Reformation and enact internal reforms.

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During the late Renaissance, the Jesuits were a new Catholic order known for their educational and missionary work that combated the spread of Protestantism.

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The English Reformation was the 16th-century break of the Church of England from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

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King Henry VIII was an English monarch from 1509 to 1547 in the English Reformation.

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Queen Elizabeth I was the last Tudor monarch, ruling England and Ireland from 1558 until her death in 1603.

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The Gutenberg printing press was the first European system to use movable metal type for mass-producing books.

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The 95 Theses is a list of propositions for an academic debate that challenged the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences.

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Martin Luther tried to change the Catholic Church for the better.