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Что вы узнаете сегодня?

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Что вы узнаете сегодня?

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К концу урока вы сможете определить место ранних кочевников Казахстана, таких как саки и их правительница Томирис, на международной арене древности.

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Связь с учебным стандартом

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Связь с учебным стандартом

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Цель: формировать умения анализа источников и синтеза информации для понимания вклада саков в мировую историю.

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Ключевой вопрос урока

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Ключевой вопрос урока

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Какое влияние имели саки и царица Томирис на международные события своего времени?

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Видеовведение: История саков

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Видеовведение: История саков

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Посмотрите короткое видео о саках и их битве с Персией, чтобы понять исторический контекст.

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Legend of Tomyris | First Female Commander | Turkish History | Animation | Story | Scythian Epic

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Групповая работа: Роли в битве при Араксе

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Групповая работа: Роли в битве при Араксе

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В малых группах составьте хронологию событий битвы между скифами под предводительством Томирис и персидским царем Киром II. Используйте Padlet для совместного заполнения хронологии.

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Практика: Поиск источников

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Практика: Поиск источников

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Работайте в парах: найдите онлайн первоисточники или иллюстрации, где упоминается Томирис и обсудите их влияние на персов.

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Tomyris (; Ancient Greek: , Tómuris; Latin: Tomyris) also called Thomyris, Tomris, or Tomiride, reigned over the Massagetae, an Iranian Saka people of Central Asia. Tomyris led her armies to defend against an attack by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire, and, according to Herodotus, defeated and killed him in 530 BC.

The name Tomyris is the Latin form of the Ancient Greek name Tómuris (), which is itself the Hellenisation of a Saka name meaning "of family" derived from a cognate of the Avestan word taoxman () and of the Old Persian word taumā (), meaning "seed," "germ," and "kinship," and of which various reconstructed forms have been proposed, including:

Tomyris was the widowed wife of the king of the Massagetae, whom she succeeded as the queen of the tribe after he died.

When the founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Cyrus, asked for the hand of Tomyris with the intent of acquiring her kingdom through the marriage, she understood Cyrus's aims and rejected his proposal. On the advice of the Lydian Croesus, Cyrus responded to Tomyris's rejection by deciding to invade the Massagetae.

When Cyrus started building a bridge on the Araxes river with the intent of attacking the Massagetae, Tomyris advised him to remain satisfied with ruling his own kingdom and to allow her to rule her kingdom. Cyrus's initial assault was routed by the Massagetae, after which he set up a fancy banquet with large amounts of wine in the tents of his camp as an ambush and withdrew.

The Massagetae, led by Tomyris's son and the commander of their army, Spargapises, who primarily used fermented mare's milk and cannabis as intoxicants like all Iron Age steppe nomads, and therefore were not used to drinking wine, became drunk and were easily defeated and slaughtered by Cyrus, thus destroying a third of the Massagetaean army. Spargapises had been captured by Cyrus, and, once he had become sober and understood his situation, he asked Cyrus to free him, and after Cyrus acquiesced to his pleas, he killed himself.

After Tomyris found out about the death of Spargapises, she sent Cyrus an angry message in which she called the wine, which had caused the destruction of her army and her son, a drug which made those who consumed it so mad that they spoke evil words, and demanded him to leave his land or else she would, swearing upon the Sun, "give him more blood than he could drink."

Tomyris herself led the Massagetaean army into war, and, during the next battle opposing the Massagetae to the forces of Cyrus, Tomyris defeated the Persians and destroyed most of their army. Cyrus himself was killed in the battle, and Tomyris found his corpse, severed his head and shoved it in a bag filled with blood while telling Cyrus, "Drink your fill of blood!"

According to another version of the death of Cyrus recorded by Ctesias, Cyrus died in battle against the Derbices, who were either identical with the Massagetae or a Massagetaean sub-tribe: according to this version, he was mortally wounded by the Derbices and their Indian allies, after which Cyrus's ally, the king Amorges of the Amyrgians, intervened with his own army and helped the Persian soldiers defeat the Derbices, following which Cyrus endured for three days, during which he organised his empire and appointed Spitaces son of Sisamas as satrap over the Derbices, before finally dying.

Little is further known about Tomyris after the war with Cyrus. By around 520 BCE and possibly earlier, her tribe was ruled by a king named , who rebelled against the Persian Empire until one of the successors of Cyrus, the Achaemenid king Darius I, carried out a campaign against the Sakas from 520 to 518 BCE during which he conquered the Massagetae, captured Sku n xa, and replaced him with a ruler who was loyal to Achaemenid power.

Tomyris became a fairly popular reference in European art and literature during the Renaissance. In art the usual subject was her receiving the head of Cyrus, or putting it into the blood-filled container. This became part of the Power of Women group of women subjects who triumphed in various ways over men. The history of Tomyris has been incorporated into the tradition of Western art; Rubens, Allegrini, Luca Ferrari, Mattia Preti, Gustave Moreau and the sculptor Severo Calzetta da Ravenna are among the many artists who have portrayed events in the life of Tomyris and her defeat of Cyrus and his armies.

Eustache Deschamps added Tomyris to his poetry as one of the nine Female Worthies in the late 14th century.

In Shakespeare's earliest play King Henry VI (Part I), the Countess of Auvergne, while awaiting Lord Talbot's arrival, references Tomyris (Act II, Sc. iii).

Shakespeare's reference to Tomyris as 'Queen of the Scythians', rather than the usual Greek designation 'Queen of the Massagetae', points to two possible likely sources, Marcus Junianus Justinus' "Abridged Trogus Pompeius" in Latin, or Arthur Golding's translation (1564).

In 1707 the opera Thomyris, Queen of Scythia was first staged in London.

The name "Tomyris" also has been adopted into zoological taxonomy, for the species group of Central American moths and the genus of skipper butterflies.

590 Tomyris is the name given to one of the minor planets.

The present-day country of Kazakhstan has adopted Tomyris as its national heroine and issues coins in her honour.

Toʻmarisning Koʻzlari (The Eyes of Tomyris) is a 1984 book of poems and stories by Uzbek author Xurshid Davron.

Toʻmarisning Aytgani (The Sayings of Tomyris) is a 1996 book of poetry by Uzbek poet Halima Xudoyberdiyeva.

The Kazakhstani film studio "Kazakhfilm" released the film Томирис () in late 2019. She is portrayed by Almira Tursyn.

Tomyris leads the Scythian civilization in the 2016 4X video game Civilization VI developed by Firaxis Games.

Washington D.C.-based, female-fronted, heavy metal band A Sound of Thunder, features a song titled "Tomyris," based on the historical figure, on their sixth full-length album It Was Metal released in 2018.

1. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2003). "Die skythischen Personennamen bei Herodot" [Scythian Personal Names in Herodotus] (PDF). Annali dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli l'Orientale (in German). 63: 1-31.

2. Bukharin, Mikhail Dmitrievich (2011). "Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов" [Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians)]. Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории (in Russian). 3: 20-80.

3. ^ Gera, Deborah Levine (2018). Warrior Women: The Anonymous Tractatus De Mulieribus. Leiden, Netherlands; New York City, United States: Brill. p. 187-199. ISBN 978-9-004-32988-1.

4. ^ Faulkner, Robert (2000). "CYRUS iiia. Cyrus II as Portrayed by Xenophon and Herodotus". Encyclopædia Iranica.

5. ^ "Питер Пауэль Рубенс (Peter Paul Rubens). Queen Tomyris before the Head of Cyrus. Масло на холсте. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA". staratel.com (Russian). 2006.

6. Shakespeare, ^ Henry VI, part I, act II, sc. iii http://shakespeare.mit.edu/1henryvi/full.html

7. ^ The Reader's Companion to The Death of Shakespeare, by Jon Benson https://books.google.de/books?id=ekygCwAAQBAJ&pg

8. ^ "Thomyris, queen of Scythia. An opera, as it is perform'd at the Theatre Royal in Drury-Lane. Most humbly inscrib'd to the Right Honourable the Lord Ryalton. By P. Motteux". hathi.trust.org. HathiTrust Digital Library.

9. ^ "Акан Сатаев раскрыл имя актрисы, которая сыграет Томирис". 16 February 2018.

10. ^ "Tomyris of the Scythians will slake your thirst for blood in 'Civilization VI'". Digital Trends. August 9, 2016.

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Tomyris (; Ancient Greek: , Tómuris; Latin: Tomyris) also called Thomyris, Tomris, or Tomiride, reigned over the Massagetae, an Iranian Saka people of Central Asia. Tomyris led her armies to defend against an attack by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire, and, according to Herodotus, defeated and killed him in 530 BC.

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Индивидуальное задание: Краткое эссе

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Индивидуальное задание: Краткое эссе

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Напишите короткое эссе из 4-5 предложений о значении победы Томирис для развития казахских степей. При желании используйте Padlet для презентации своей работы.

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Дифференциация: Анализ антикварных монет

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Дифференциация: Анализ антикварных монет

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Углубленный уровень: сравните изображения Томирис на древних монетах с изображениями других правителей той эпохи. Подготовьте мини-выступление.

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Поддержка: Словарная работа

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Поддержка: Словарная работа

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Изучите новые слова: саки, кочевники, арена, Персия, хронология. Используйте картинки и примеры.

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Формативное оценивание: Обсуждение

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Формативное оценивание: Обсуждение

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Учитель наблюдает за дискуссией и анализом источников в группах, задаёт уточняющие вопросы.

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Проверка эссе

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Проверка эссе

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Оцените эссе друг друга по критериям: правильность, полнота, оригинальность мысли.

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Суммативное оценивание: Мини-тест

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Суммативное оценивание: Мини-тест

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Пройдите онлайн тест из 5 вопросов по теме саков и их международного значения.

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Quiz & Worksheet - Characteristics of the Scythians | Study.com

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Check your understanding of the Scythians with an interactive quiz and printable worksheet. You can access these tools via your mobile device and…

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Обсуждение: Могла ли Томирис руководить страной сегодня?

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Обсуждение: Могла ли Томирис руководить страной сегодня?

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Дайте своё мнение в ходе обсуждения: какие лидерские качества необходимы для руководителя в древности и сегодня?

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Эксит-тикет: Главное, что я понял(а)...

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Эксит-тикет: Главное, что я понял(а)...

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Напишите на стикере или отправьте в Padlet: чему я научился(лась) сегодня о роли саков на международной арене.

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Работа с онлайн-картой

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Работа с онлайн-картой

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Просмотрите онлайн-карту о передвижениях саков и отметьте важные маршруты и сражения.

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Iranian History - The Land of the Original Aryans

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Illustrative map of Scythian migration routes.

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Чтение для любознательных

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Чтение для любознательных

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Прочитайте краткую статью о значимых женщинах-правителях древности и сравните Томирис с одной из них.

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When learning about the ancient world, you'll often be bombarded by a barrage of names of kings, and brothers, and sons, and distant relatives who believed they too had a claim to the throne. But what about the women that ruled? You never really hear about them at all. That's because, in the ancient world that was home to mighty kingdoms and vast empires, very few women had the opportunity to rise to power.

But that doesn't mean that there were none. The women that did acquire the power to rule tended to have access to that position through their relationships with men. Sometimes it was through their fathers, or husbands, or their sons. However, despite them being few and far between, the legacy of those that did gain the power to rule is still remembered today.

In this Five Ancient Women Rulers from Around the World blog, we'll be exploring the women of the past who rose to power and their stories; their victories, their losses, and how they shaped the ancient world.

So, without further ado, let's get started!

1. Boudica | Ancient Britain

You can't talk about ancient female leaders without talking about Queen Boudica of the Iceni. Queen Boudica's legacy is rooted in revolt and war against the Roman attempt to conquer Britain.

Boudica rose to power after the death of her husband, Prasutagus in 60 AD. During his lifetime, Prasutagus made an agreement with the Romans that allowed him to continue as ruler of the Iceni. However, after his death, the Roman Empire sought to take this opportunity to conquer the Iceni Kingdom. During this annexation, the Iceni people, including Boudica and her two daughters, suffered greatly at the hands of the Romans. This included the public whipping of Boudica.

However, Boudica didn't surrender. Instead, she rallied the Iceni people and other tribes to fight back against the Roman invasion. They planned and enacted three attacks on the Roman legions, one of these attacks taking place in Londinium, which is modern-day London. It's believed that the Britons killed over 70 000 people in their attacks.

Although the tribes were soon defeated by the Roman army in a third battle and Boudica died shortly after, her story is still hailed today. In fact, it's believed that Boudica's last speech was recorded by Dio Cassius, and it goes:

I was whipped by the Romans when they tried to take our lands and now, I am fighting for my freedom. Think how many of us are fighting and why. We must win this battle or die. Let the men live as slaves if they want. I will not."

2. Cleopatra | Ancient Egypt

When talking about ancient Egypt, there are copious amounts of rulers that all have their own acclaim. I mean, ancient Egyptian civilisation lasted over 3000 years, so there will be at least a couple of names that people will be familiar with. One of the names that a lot of people have heard of from the times of ancient Egypt is the famous Ptolemaic queen, Cleopatra.

Cleopatra lived a very colourful life. She became co-ruler of Egypt with her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII, after the death of their father Ptolemy XII in 51 BC. However, it wasn't long before a battle for power ensued between the two.

At the time, Cleopatra was romantically involved with the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, and he consequently took her side in this battle. Ptolemy XIII was killed in the conflict and Julius Caesar declared Cleopatra and her other brother, Ptolemy XIV co-rulers of Egypt. I know what you're thinking: "That's a lot of Ptolemy's." But stay with me.

In the year 44 BC, both Julius Caesar and Ptolemy XIV died. So, she named her and Caesar's child co-ruler and named him Ptolemy XV as an attempt to further the dynasty and his claim. In addition to this, she allied herself with Marc Antony, the Roman military officer and eventually married him and had twins.

This, however, led to a war between Marc Antony and Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar. This was in response to Marc Antony returning land under Roman rule to Egypt. Antony and Octavian battled against each other. Tragically, Antony was told that Cleopatra had died and fell upon his sword. After hearing the news of Antony, Cleopatra was found dead. Legend says, she allowed a poisonous snake to bite her. Very Shakespearean.

Cleopatra remains one of the most enigmatic women in history. She was an ancient female ruler esteemed for her political awareness and influence, as well as her intelligence.

3. Semiramis | Ancient Mesopotamia

Semiramis is a unique figure amongst the list of ancient women rulers. That's because her story is greatly intertwined with myth and legend. Semiramis was the Lydian-Babylonian wife of, firstly Onnes and then after his death, Ninus. Upon Ninus' death, Semiramis succeeded him on the throne.

However, what we know of Semiramis is heavily influenced by the legends of Diodorus Siculus, an ancient Greek historian. The historically accurate Semiramis was called Shammuramat and was wife of Shamshi-Adad V. After his death, she ruled as regent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire for five years until her son came of age and ruled.

It was not part of Asyrian culture to have a woman rule. However, Semiramis became regent during a time of great political uncertainty, which may be why they accepted her as their ruler. This faith was not misplaced as the acts of Semiramis during her five-year reign helped stabilise the empire.

She won battles in the Middle East and Levant and conquered much of the area. It's often believed that because of her great acts as regent and the fact she was a woman added to her mythos. She became a mysterious figure, clouded in legend and reverence. It's often believed that her being a woman added to her status as a legendary figure rather than hindered it!

4. Hatshepsut | Ancient Egypt

It's time to return to ancient Egypt. However, just because we have two women who ruled over ancient Egypt in this list, doesn't mean they were close together on dates. Given the longevity of ancient Egypt's rule, there is bound to be a cornucopia of notable figures. In fact, there was around 1400 years between the rule of Cleopatra and the rule of Hatshepsut!

Hatshepsut ruled over ancient Egypt for 22 years. During her reign, the empire saw a period of peace, artistry, and prosperity. Prior to her reign, Hatshepsut was the eldest daughter of King Thutmose I, and as he died before having a son, she married her half-brother, Thutmose II. She later became queen regent to her stepson and nephew as he inherited the throne at the young age of two.

However, Hatshepsut made a decision that would echo through history. When she had ruled as regent for around seven years, she broke tradition and crowned herself as pharaoh. This wasn't without some compromise though.

To make the patriarchal society of ancient Egypt accept a woman as a monarch, Hatshepsut adopted a masculine image. She wore false beards and clothes usually reserved for men. She also made sure that any images made her likeness were to have large muscles and were either depicting her piety to the gods or vengeance on her enemies.

Whatever she chose to do, it obviously worked. Hatshepsut is the longest reigning female ruler in ancient Egypt. That doesn't mean she was liked by everyone. Upon her death, her co-ruler Thutmose III eradicated Hatshepsut's name from public records and got rid of any images of her in public. He even went as far as to claim he was the sole ruler after his father's death and claim Hatshepsut's accomplishments as his own.

Although much of the art and records surrounding Hatshepsut were destroyed by his efforts, thankfully not everything was eradicated, and Hatshepsut's name is cemented in history.

5. Artemisia I of Caria | Ancient Greece

For the next ancient women ruler, it's time to take a trip to ancient Greece. Artemisia I of Caria ruled over Halicarnassus, an ancient Greek city-state located in the Anatolian region. Today, it can be found in Bodrum, Turkey. Her rule extended over Halicarnassus to the islands of Kos, Nisyros, and Kalymnos.

Born to King Lygdamis and a Cretan mother whose name has not survived history, Artemisia ascended to the throne of Cario after the death of her husband. Her husband's name has also been lost to history. She assumed the throne to act as regent for her son, Pisindelis.

Artemisia is mainly remembered through the writings of Herodotus, the Greek historian. He esteemed her for her intelligence and her battle conduct. She allied herself with Xerxes, the Persian king, and her counsel assisted him greatly in their battles.

For example, during the Battle of Salamis, Xerxes wanted to attack the Greek fleet despite the unfavourable conditions when there were greater strategic moves she could make. Out of all of Xerxes' naval commanders, it was only Artemisia that disagreed with him. She then later earned the King's praise for her leadership skills during the Battle of Salamis!

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Five Ancient Women Rulers from Around the World | Twinkl

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Interested in the notable ancient female leaders from a time long gone? Then be sure to check out our Five Ancient Women Rulers from Around the World blog!

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Онлайн-игра: Кто такие саки?

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Онлайн-игра: Кто такие саки?

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Пройдите игру-викторину по теме: кто такие саки и почему они важны для истории Казахстана.

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Ancient civilizations on the territory of Ukraine | Baamboozle

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Tripillia, Scythians, Antes and Sclaveni gods