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The California Gold Rush was sparked by the discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848 

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The Gold Rush attracted immigrants from around the world (especially from South America and Asia).

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Hundreds of thousands of people flocked to California to make their fortunes in the Gold Rush, but almost none of them were women. 

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Early sections of San Francisco were built upon ships abandoned by prospectors during the California Gold Rush.

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More fortunes were made by merchants than by miners

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John Sutter, the man whose land would become synonymous with the California Gold Rush, left many unpaid debts.

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The social and political climate of China in the mid-1800s was that of an empire in decline.

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Rumors of "gum saam," or "the gold mountain" held a promise of economic opportunity for the destitute Chinese.

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A large number of Chinese immigrants worked the gold mines of California under five-year contracts.

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After this, they remained in the work force as laborers, domestics, and fishermen.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Chinese immigrants also took jobs in agriculture and in garment factories.

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In 1865, the Central Pacific Railroad began hiring Chinese workers for menial jobs and found them to be dependable and efficient.

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Chinese men also were willing to work at tasks that American men found distasteful or considered "women's work," such as housekeeping and laundry.

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In 1882 the Congress passed a law, the Chinese Exclusion Act. And from 1888, it was extended indefinitely

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As new reports of the easy fortunes being made in California spread worldwide, some of the first migrants to arrive were those from lands accessible by boat.

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Under the direction of the Department of War, the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855. 

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In February 1860, Iowa representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad, but failed because it couldn't be reconciled with the Senate version

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After the Southern states seceded from the Union, the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6, 1862, and the Senate on June 20.

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Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July.

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It authorized creation of two companies, the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west, to build the railroad.

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The Sierra Nevada was the most hard location to build due to the mountains and all the tunnels they had to cave.

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After 1850, the surface gold in California largely disappeared, even as miners continued to arrive.

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The American Civil War was fought between the USA and the Confederate States of America, a collection of eleven southern states that left the Union in 1860-1861

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The southern economy depended on cotton, and consequently, on slave labor.

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The southern states felt that the federal government was taking away their rights and powers.

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The final straw for the South was election of Abraham Lincoln to President of the United States. Abraham Lincoln was a member of the new anti-slavery Republican

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At the heart of the divide between the North and the South was slavery. The South relied on slavery for labor to work the fields.

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The Reconstruction era was the period after the American Civil War from 1865 to 1877.

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With the challenges of reintegrating into the Union the states that had seceded and determining the legal status of African Americans.

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The major initiatives of the Reconstruction was the transformation of the southern society, restoration of the union, etc...

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Thanks to the reconstruction, slavery ended, making African Americans free citizens, gave ex-slaves the same rights as all citizens, etc...

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The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed African Americans in rebel states.

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After the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U.S. slaves wherever they were.

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During the first ten years of the twentieth century, the South lost 170,000 black people.

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Granted certain legal rights such as right to marry, own property, sue in court and vote...

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In late 1860s white supremacists in the KKK terrorized African American leaders and citizens in the South.

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In 1871, the US Congress passed legislation that resulted in the arrest and imprisonment of Klan leaders.

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Jim Crow was being used to describe laws and customs which oppressed blacks. The main objective of Jim Crow laws was to keep the blacks separate and powerless.

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When slavery finally end, hundreds of people placed advertisements in newspapers searching for family members.

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Thousands of African American men and women formalized marriages.

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Black churches were not only to worship but to socialize and learn.

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Those who had acquired some degree of literacy in secrecy during enslavement served as teachers, and those denied an education became their pupils.

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After escaping from slavery, Charlotte Jenkins moved to the North and joined the abolitionist movement.

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Great War began on June 28,1914, with the assassinations of Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, While they were visiting Sarajevo.

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During World War I, trench warfare was a defensive military tactic

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On May 7,1915, a German U-boat sank the British liner R.M.S. Lusitania off the coast of Ireland, killing 1,198 people with 128 Americans among the fatalities.

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President Wilson addressed Congress on April 2,1917, appealing for the United States to enter the war. as “the world must be made safe for democracy".

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The CPI used multiple forms of media to “advertise” the war.

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This law required all men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military duty. By the end of the war, 2.8 million men had been drafted for service.

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Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo created Liberty Loan Bonds. These government bonds paid an interest rate lower than that of banks.

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There were also bond campaigns spearheaded by the Girl and Boy Scouts, allowing children to participate in the war effort.

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Peace may have appeared in the world, but never in the soldiers.

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Over 700,000 African Americans had registered for military service.

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Kids in a factory during the World War 1

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Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA)

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National General Federation of Women’s Clubs (GFWC)

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The National Association of Colored Women

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21,498 U.S. Army nurses and 1,476 U.S. Navy nurses served in military hospitals in the United States and overseas.

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By the fall of 1918, the war has fallen, and it became clear the Allies were going to win the war.