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The two urban models show how different building density affects urban temperature. Everyone would agree that the annual average temperature of Hong Kong has experienced significant increase during the last decade. On top of that, the average summer temperature is particularly high. The extreme temperature is the adverse impact caused by climate change and it is further intensified by poor urban planning in which buildings are so concentrated and open spaces are few. The government should really take the factor of climate change into consideration during urban development, thus preventing people suffering from extreme temperature and tackling health risks.

Reference:
Ng, E. (2021, August 16). Sweltering heat in Hong Kong, extreme weather events worldwide signal need to act on climate change, scientists say. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/business/article/3145066/sweltering-heat-hong-kong-extreme-weather-events-worldwide-signal

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This image shows the daily waste in Hong Kong is about 1000 double-decker buses. Also a government research has shown that Hong Kong citizens threw out over 2 billion plastic bags in 2022, which is shocking. It’s hard to believe Hong Kong, quite a small city, can produce so much waste. Which makes me reflect on the serious issues of global waste disposal and its impacts on our planet. If we continue on this path, human will eventually face the consequences. We should do something to change this situation like not wasting food and promoting 4R. We can protect our Earth.

Reference:

South China Morning Post. (2024, November 24). Amount of waste Hong Kong generates has peaked, environment minister says. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3287934/amount-waste-hong-kong-generates-has-peaked-environment-minister-says

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A polar bear standing on melting ice in the picture represents the severe effects of climate change in the arctic regions. Sea ice recedes as temperatures rise, upsetting bear hunting sites and causing a shortage of food.(Wiig et al., 2008).This species, which depends on ice to survive, is facing more and more difficulties, such as extended fasting durations and deteriorating health. The ecosystem as a whole is impacted by the habitat loss, which also impacts other Arctic species. A powerful reminder of the pressing need for climate action to safeguard these endangered animals and their habitats is provided by the striking image of the bear on receding ice.

Wiig, Ø., Aars, J., & Born, E. W. (2008). Effects of climate change on polar bears. Science Progress, 91(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685008x324506

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The ringed seal's fur and photographs alert me of the impact of human activity on wildlife in the remote Arctic. Climate change has deeply impacted the ecosystems in the Arctic and not just on polar bears. Sea ice is important for ringed seals to give birth, nurse their young, and rest, while polar bears rely on sea ice as a hunting platform for seals. Warmer climate in the Arctic disrupts the predator-prey system, reducing hunting opportunities for polar bears as ice-free periods lengthen. This also reduces ringed seal reproduction rates, as seal pups have difficulty surviving predators or drowning in open water.

References:

Fisheries, N. (2023, March 22). Seals, Sea Lions, and Climate Change: Shifting Prey and Habitat Impacts. NOAA. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/climate/seals-sea-lions-and-climate-change-shifting-prey-and-habitat-impacts

Hamilton, C. D., Kovacs, K. M., Ims, R. A., Aars, J., & Lydersen, C. (2017). An Arctic predator-prey system in flux: climate change impacts on coastal space use by polar bears and ringed seals. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86(5), 1054–1064. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12685

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A research show that climate change is significantly affecting what animals eat in the Arctic tundra and boreal forests. We could notice the resilience of animals from it,arctic animal are facing problem of food shortage but they try their best to adapt the environment.Those animal shift from consuming more “green” sources of energy, based on plants, to more “brown” sources of food, derived from microbial decomposition of permafrost and plant material.Therefore,all the imapct posed by human are not irreversible.We still have opportunities to remediate and save those precious animals that contribute to the biodiversity. Manlick, P.J., Perryman, N.L., Koltz, A.M. et al. Climate warming restructures food webs and carbon flow in high-latitude ecosystems. Nat. Clim. Chang. 14, 184–189 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01893-0

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The Arctic land species in this photograph make me think about the food web change under climate change. As their prey, especially lemmings is decreasing due to climate change, this has deprived arctic foxes of their natural prey and made them hard to survive.

It reminds me of the rise of 'last- chance tourism' in the Arctic. More tourists are visiting the region, hoping to see its unique species before it vanishes. Tourism companies have turned this into a marketing strategy, urging people to witness Arctic wildlife. Ironically, it’s only because of warmer temperatures that some of these remote areas are now accessible to tourists. But this surge in travel could worsen the problem, more transportation, logistics, and infrastructure means more emissions, further accelerating global warming in the Arctic. Therefore, we need to shift toward eco-tourism to reduce the environmental impact. Otherwise, the industry capitalizing on the Arctic’s vulnerability might end up accelerating its decline.

Reference

Edes, M. E. (2008). Ecotourism in the arctic circle: regional regulation is necessary to prevent concerned environmentalists from further contributing to climate change. Pacific McGeorge Global Business & Development Law Journal , 21(2), 251-284.

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This city-building model aims to demonstrate how urban development planning impacts the quality of life for residents. Effective city planning is crucial in addressing climate change, which presents increasingly unpredictable challenges for major urban areas. While this model highlights the importance of ventilation in densely populated cities, it also emphasizes the need to prepare for future climate scenarios such as flooding, heat waves, and typhoons.

Implementing targeted solutions and preventive measures in city planning is essential for the well-being of future generations. A study conducted by Wamsler et al. in 2013 proposed a conceptual framework for resilience, stating that a "disaster-resilient city" should be addressed in three main aspects: hazard reduction, vulnerability reduction, and response and recovery mechanisms.

Wamsler, C., Brink, E., & Rivera, C. (2013). Planning for climate change in urban areas: From theory to practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.008

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I have heard the ice melting problem since I was at primary school, and never considered the impact on food chain until I visited MoCC museum. Due to the ice melting, the area of lands in arctic increases, and attracts species which won't live in arctic in normal time to come. And this will result the competition for food become more intense. As we know, the total energy cycled in an eco system used to be a constant, the join of other species means the reduction of energy natives could have gained, and will cause their amount to decrease. What's more, their living spaces keeps decreasing too, which makes their living condition even worse. And the speed of ice melting is faster than we expected before(Brown, 2025), It's time for us to do something in case we lose our cute friends some day.

Reference

Brown, Tom. “Arctic Ice Is Melting Faster than Expected — and the Culprit Could Be Dust.” Space.com, Space, 16 Mar. 2025, www.space.com/the-universe/climate-change/arctic-ice-is-melting-faster-than-expected-and-the-culprit-could-be-dust.

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Corals were the most impressive part for me in MoCC. As illustrated, corals, composed of CaCO₃, are sensitive to climate change. The corals record subtle geochemical variations in their annual growth, reflecting changes in sea surface temperature, upwelling, and rainfall. However, corals are both invaluable archives of climate history and victims of climate change. IPCC warns that global warming above 1.5°C threatens the survival of corals, risking the loss of these valuable climate records.

The disappearance of coral is a microcosm of Earth's ecological changes. They carry the history of our planet's climate, and will vanish along with that heritage. Behind the disappearance of coral lies the melting ice of the Arctic Ocean, the rising sea levels in coastal regions, the chaos of extreme weather, and the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people. Thus, the 1.5°C target is not merely a scientific benchmark—it is also a moral emergency for humanity.

Reference:

1.     Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Impacts of 1.5ºC global warming on natural and human systems. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-3/

2.     United Nations Environment Programme. (n.d.). Why protecting coral reefs matters. https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/oceans-seas/what-we-do/protecting-coral-reefs/why-protecting-coral-reefs-matters

3.     United Nations. (n.d.). Dive with us and discover the beauty of the ocean and its corals. https://www.un.org/en/observances/oceans-day/360diving

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CHOY Cheuk Lam (SID: 1155235492)

This diagram shows the impact of climate change on marine species in the Polar Regions. I thought it may affect some specific species but this diagram shows that everything in the food web is affected even including polar bears. Actually it started by the change in Phytoplankton (Moore, Stabeno, 2015). This little change in the environment can cause a huge difference in the ecosystem. I was amazed by the linkages between environment and different animals.

However, main causes of the decline of marine animals in polar region like rising temperatures, increasing acidity of sea level, and melting ice caps will keep affecting the polar region (WOR 6, 2019).

Moore, Sue & Stabeno, Phyllis. (2015). Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) in Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific Arctic. Progress in Oceanography. 60. 10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.017.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-marine-food-web-for-the-Pacific-Arctic-region_fig1_276852839

Polar ecosystems in retreat «World Ocean Review. (n.d.). https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-6/polar-flora-and-fauna/polar-ecosystems-in-retreat/

https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-6/polar-flora-and-fauna/polar-ecosystems-in-retreat/

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Female emperor penguins lay eggs, transfer them to males, and then head to the ocean to forage. Males incubate the eggs on their feet, covered by a brood pouch, for about 65 days, relying on stored fat and enduring cold without food or water.

Polar climate change, however, brings problems. Unstable sea ice, like early melting in 2022 in Antarctica, endangers eggs and chicks. Extreme weather also harms them. Moreover, the warming climate shrinks krill populations as sea ice decreases, and changes fish distribution. Penguins thus face food shortages and must spend more energy searching for food, with their survival pressures rising.

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This city model figure resonates with me. Apparently the central business district in Hong Kong has a high density of high rise building and lack urban greening. There is serious temperature disparity in between urban and suburban areas in Hong Kong, I often feel warmer and more stuffy in these urban areas with high building density. The urban heat island effect traps Hong Kong citizens in extreme temperatures and the situation is only expecting to get worse. Hong Kong’s urban planning significantly contributes to such effect. The high concentration of skyscrapers not only block the wind, but also absorb and retain heat waves, trapping heat during day time and lead to a rise in temperature. The materials used in infrastructure are also heat-absorbing, which further intensify the urban heat island effect. Urban planning and greenery seems to be the key in alleviating such effect.

News:https://www.cbsnews.com/news/heat-island-effect-dome-extreme-temperatures-experts/

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This topic captured how the climate change affect the marine species in the Polar Regions. One information that most surprise me is it would related to the reproductive rate of animals. As I thought that climate change would only affect marine species difficult in hunting and reducing biodiversity. However, many species need to give birth and breeding on stable ice. The climate change reducing stable ice and lead to the lost of species lairs and living place. This could also disrupting food webs, altering predator-prey dynamics, and threatening long-term ecosystem stability.

Reference:

Stirling, I., & Derocher, A. E. (2012). Effects of climate warming on polar bears: a review of the evidence. Global Change Biology, 18(9), 2694-2706.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02753.x

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What impressed me mostly during my visit to MoCC was the garnet gneiss brought back by the Antarctic. As someone who had not been exposed to geographical knowledge for four years. Later, I researched the information on the Internet and what’s interesting is that it turns out that as long as wind blows into the holes, they will make a whistling sound. The current rise in global temperatures may accelerate rock weathering, even affect the equilibrium adjustment of the earth's crust. This knowledge I gained outside the classroom, reignited my curiosity about geography and its fascinating connections to our environment. (100 words)

References:

1. Hensen, B. J., & Zhou, B. (1995). A Pan‐African granulite facies metamorphic episode in Prydz Bay, Antarctica: Evidence from Sm‐Nd garnet dating. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42(3), 249-258.

2. Möller, A., Post, N. J., & Hensen, B. J. (2002). Crustal residence history and garnet Sm–Nd ages of high-grade metamorphic rocks from the Windmill Islands area, East Antarctica. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 993-1004.

3. https://www.e123.hk/zh-hant/news/210031

4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgdM1ILF9uw

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Leaving a city model as the ending of the trip is inspiring. After realizing the consequences of global warming, such as loss of polar habitats, disruption of food chains, and so on, it comes to a reflection of how to ensure a balance between human development and the environment protection, which is always a controversy as it is so difficult to let human give up their interests. Take Hong Kong as an example, the scarcity of flat land forces vertical development, leading to a lot of high-rise buildings and aggravates heat island effect, which contributes to nearly 6oC of temperature increase (Santamouris, 2019). Despite land limitation, there are still ways to mitigate this issue thus global warming, such as green roofs. The main point is whether the society is willing to step out and protect the planet, therefore public education is the most important thing that teaches people to be responsible to the environment.

Reference:

M. Santamouris. (2019). Recent progress on urban overheating and heat island research. Integrated assessment of the energy, environmental, vulnerability and health impact. Synergies with the global climate change. Energy & Buildings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109482

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This photo clicks on the individual MSW generation in HK. I was stunned by the data. Waste is one of the sources in GHGs emissions as mentioned in the lecture. While we know that waste management methods like landfills and incineration contribute to GHGs emissions and pollution (Pathak et al., 2024), I think people often underestimate their impact on disposal. Although incinerators, like the expected one in Shek Kwu Chau, can effectively burn waste and change waste to energy, they still produce CO2 during both burning and construction processes. Together with treatment methods, I think changing consumption behaviours like consuming less packaging is also crucial.

Reference

Pathak, J., Kumar, R., & Singh, P. (2024). Municipal Solid Waste and Climate Change. In Integrated Waste Management: A Sustainable Approach from Waste to Wealth(pp. 207-221). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

News: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3267266/hong-kongs-first-waste-energy-incinerator-expected-begin-operations-end-2025

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Though the short movie left me with a strong impression, the scene of a polar bear standing on only a tiny piece of ice touched me more. The ice is melted due to climate change, and causes polar bears to have no place to live. Other indirect impacts of climate change include fewer hunting opportunities and limited milk from mothers for baby bears. According to Polar Bears International, almost all polar bear hunting is being banned and controlled nowadays. Instead, the loss of ice and hunting opportunities brought by global warming accounts for 50% of polar bear population loss.

New study quantifies link between sea ice and polar bears | Polar Bears International. (n.d.). https://polarbearsinternational.org/news-media/articles/new-study-quantifies-link-between-sea-ice-and-polar-bears/

Polar bears are not increasing | Polar Bears International. (n.d.). https://polarbearsinternational.org/news-media/articles/are-polar-bear-populations-increasing/

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This photo is taken from the counter in the museum. That shows the natural hazards that have occurred in the world recently. Born in Hong Kong, the place without serious and often natural hazards nearby, it is unreal for me to notice how often the natural hazards occur in other places. Once I watch the video, the news with horrible discretion, I feel quite empathetic. That also is the reason why I am going to study geography. This monitor reminds me of my goal again.

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Di Bernardi, C., Thierry, A., Eide, N., Bowler, D., Rød‐Eriksen, L., Blumentrath, S., Tietgen, L., Sandercock, B., Flagstad, Ø., & Landa, A. (2021). Fitness and fur colouration - testing the camouflage and thermoregulation hypotheses in an Arctic mammal.. The Journal of animal ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13457.

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This object interests me because it is related to my major study. The photo shows the marine sediment core. It consists of different layers of sedimantary rocks. Through analyzing the characteristics of these rocks , such as size, roundness, and composition,we are able to make a guess about the depositional environment. Moreover, the bedding of the core can help us to determine the relative age of the sediment rocks. This evidence allows us to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the paleo-environment.

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This preserved white-blooded Antarctic fish reminds me of the often-overlooked importance of the vulnerable polar ecosystems in broader context of global sustainability. While urban life demands most of our attention, the Antarctic region is crucial in regulating climate through ocean circulation and carbon sequestration and is important on issues like food chain (Meredith et al., 2019). From this, I realize how we over-prioritize urban growth while neglecting remote ecosystems that our unawareness of how their degradation would affect us through extreme weather and resource scarcity. Therefore, this serves as a reminder that protecting polar regions is a necessity for the survival of interconnected global systems.

Reference

Meredith, M., Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A., Hollowed, A., ... & Zickfeld, K. (2019). Polar regions. In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (pp. 203–320). https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-3-2/

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The arctic fox in this photograph raises my concern about the threats to species living in polar regions under climate change. As an urban planning student, I recognize the parallels between human-induced habitat changes in urban environments and the ecological shifts occurring in the Arctic. The potential for invasive species to colonize newly exposed Antarctic habitats mirrors challenges faced in urban ecosystems. This reflection prompts me to consider how rising global temperatures not only reduce living spaces for native species but also alter resource availability and ecological interactions, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate these impacts.

Reference:

Convey, P., Peck, L. S., Barnes, D. K. A., & Chown, S. L. (2020). The polar regions in a 2°C warmer world. Science Advances, 6(12), eaaz0888. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0888

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This topic arouses my interest because I wonder if these human activities would affect the environment in polar regions. Currently, China is going to construct the next-generation icebreaker. It is claimed to be more environmentally friendly, using green fuels and producing no pollutants during polar explorations (Zhao, 2024). However, although it will be used for polar research which may help to protect those natural resources, the icebreaker will break much ice and destroy the habitats of polar animals throughout the process. It may cause more harm than good to the environment.

Reference:

Zhao, L. (2024, August 24). Research to strengthen polar exploration capability in full swing. China Daily.

https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202408/24/WS66c91c26a31060630b924b6f.html

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i think the micro-compression refrigeration system is pivotal in combating climate change. Its high efficiency and low energy consumption make it a versatile solution for applications ranging from cold chain logistics to household appliances, contributing significantly to lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The ongoing impacts of global warming, such as the shrinking Arctic sea ice, threaten ecosystems and jeopardize species survival. Embracing advanced technologies like micro-compression refrigeration systems helps curb energy use while promoting sustainable development. To effectively address the climate crisis, it is imperative to act promptly by integrating technological innovation with comprehensive emission reduction strategies.

Reference
Milford AB, et al. (2019). Drivers of meat consumption. Appetite, 141, 104313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.06.005

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This model raises my attention towards the trade off between development needs and environmental sustainability.

Wider spaces between buildings could allow airflow and thus less heat is trapped, mitigating urban heat island effect. Especially when the global average temperature is increasing, planting more vegetation could help cooling the urban areas by evapotranspiration (Yeung, 2024). In addition, lower urban temperatures could reduce demand for air conditioning, and thus reduce carbon emissions. Nevertheless, expanding more green spaces might limit the allocation of other land use such as residential and commercial. It would be a dilemma for the authority to balance both needs.

Reference:

Yeung, S. (2024, August 19). Hong Kong needs more, not fewer, cool green spaces. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/opinion/letters/article/3274817/hong-kong-needs-more-not-fewer-cool-green-spaces?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article

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This polar bear reminds me of the consequence of climate change. On September 16, 2021, Arctic sea ice hit its minimum extent, shrinking to 4.72 million square kilometers. This marked a significant loss of habitat for polar bears, who rely on sea ice for hunting, resting, and breeding. With less ice, polar bears face longer swims to find food, leading to exhaustion and malnutrition. Reduced ice also limits access to their primary prey, seals, threatening their survival. As the Arctic warms and ice melts earlier each year, polar bear populations are increasingly at risk, highlighting the broader impact of climate change on fragile ecosystems.

Reference:

Powerpoint slide P.32 from lecture 3, Climate change: Trends and issues

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This topic was interesting to me because of how interconnected the animals and vegetation in the region are. Because of climate change, even the smallest changes in vegetation can have a large ripple effect on the food web. In an article analyzing the effects of warming temperatures, they found that "animals shift from consuming more 'green' sources of energy, based on plants, to more 'brown' sources of food, derived from microbial decomposition of permafrost" (University of Texas, Austin). As discussed in the tour, even slight shifts in food can alter the food web through all the levels.

Reference:

Staff Writer. “Tracking the Impacts of Climate Change on Food Webs in the Arctic.” College of Natural Sciences, cns.utexas.edu/news/research/tracking-impacts-climate-change-food-webs-arctic#:~:text=Warming%20temperatures%20have%20changed%20the,of%20environmental%20researchers%20has%20found. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.

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Title: How Severe is Global Warming?

We often hear terms like "global warming", but not everyone understands how serious they are. This chart serves as the "background information" for the MoCC exhibition, it can intuitively show us the dramatic rise in global temperatures over the past few centuries.

Through this course, we have learned that the main cause of this phenomenon is the emission of various greenhouse gases due to human activities, and their emission levels continue to rise annually. Some academics anticipate that if this situation continues, global warming will reach an alarming 4°C in 2070s (Richard et al., 2011). Therefore, we must act quickly before the situation becomes irreparable.

(100 words)

Maybe we can learn more possible solutions from the 4th tutorial :)

** Highlighted content is from the cited academic article

Reference:

Richard, A.B., Matthew, C., Deborah, L.H., Chris, D.J., Jason, A.L., & Michael, G.S. (2011). When could global warming reach 4°C? Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A, 369(1934).

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2010.0292

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This animation raised my question about balancing environmental sustainability with individual nutritional needs. It mentioned that a vegan diet can lower carbon emissions, as some researchers found that it could reduce GHG emissions from food production by 55% on the projected 2050 income-dependent diet (Milford et al., 2019). However, reflecting on human nutritional needs, some may require meat for essential nutrients. I wonder if people should change to a vegan diet to reduce carbon emissions, but this might impact their health. Also for people who require meat for essential nutrients, are they making the wrong choice by not opting for lower-carbon options?

Reference:

Milford, A. B., Mouël, C. L., Bodirsky, B. L., & Rolinski, S. (2019). Drivers of meat consumption. Appetite, 141, 104313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.06.005

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This topic has captured my attention, especially regarding the invisible sunlight. Commonly solar panels rely on visible light to process photovoltaic effects to generate energy while 49% of incident sunlight is in the infrared region which is not suitable for the solar panels(Kumar, Stecher, and Tamura 2014, 6669). However this research can enhance the efficiency with accomplishing the progress of generating energy by invisible sunlight using upconversion to combine invisible photon into visible photn. Meanwhile, light in the infrared region is always the main source of heating so it is encouraging that may also help in lowering the temperature when needed.

Reference:

Kumar, Sudhir, Glen Stecher, and Koichiro Tamura. 2014. "MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0." Nature Communications 5: 6669.

https://rdcu.be/eeYaL

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Title: Will the Adoption of Mitigation Methods Only Be Sufficient to Save Hong Kong?

This animation explains the impact of the huge sea level rise (SLR) on Southeast Asian Countries. This arouses my curiosity to know the impact on HK. A report by China Water Risk suggests SLR could reach 2-3 meters, potentially flooding the entire West Kowloon district and over 40,000 residential buildings in East Kowloon. Nonetheless, HK is still adapting to a 0.5m SLR change only. Therefore, today’s guided tour introduced various climate change mitigation methods like better urban planning and adopting alternative/renewable energy. Nonetheless, in HK, I think we should also pay equal attention to how to adapt to climate change.

[Word Count: 100 (Excluding Title)]

(Extra Note: For my fellow classmates, perhaps you can try to find any good adaptation strategies you would suggest the HKSAR government implement. Thank you :)

Reference:

China Water Risk. (2022). Defend HK property from submersion. Retrieved, 24th March 2025, from: https://www.chinawaterrisk.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CWR-Defend-HK-Property-from-Submersion-Snapshot-FINAL.pdf

Dodwell, D. (2022, August 29). Outside In | Rising sea levels could sink Hong Kong, yet we are still doing very little about it. South China Morning Post. Retrieved, 24th March 2025, from: https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3190236/rising-sea-levels-could-sink-hong-kong-yet-we-are-still-doing-very?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article

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I am impressed by this item in the MoCC because it is related to the concept of...

Reference:

Chan, A. B. (2023)....