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at this stage in the digestive process mechanical digestion is occurring with the smooth muscles through peristalsis

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smooth muscles through peristalsis allow for food to be churned and moved through the digestive tract

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Large Intestine Voice Recording - Overview

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Large Intestine Voice Recording - Overview

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Small Intestine Voice Recording - Form and Function Model

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Small Intestine Voice Recording - Form and Function Model

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Small Intestine Voice Recording - Overview

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Small Intestine Voice Recording - Overview

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Mouth and Tongue Voice Recording - Overview

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Mouth and Tongue Voice Recording - Overview

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Stomach Digestion Voice Recording - Negative Feedback Loop

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Stomach Digestion Voice Recording - Negative Feedback Loop

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When there is a high quantity of bacteria in the intestines it is sensed by the cells, which in response produce a peptide to kill some of the bacteria. This regulates the total population in and around cells and prevents an all-out immune response.

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When conditions in the stomach become acidic it triggers the pancreas to secrete secretin. Secretin leads to the production of sodium bicarbonate. pH levels in the stomach then become less acidic after food consumption. When basic conditions are reached secretin production comes to a stop.

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both produced in the pancreas for distinct purposes, glucagon causes glucose to be released into the blood from the liver, and insulin helps with the absorption of glucose into cells

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The pancreas produces many digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. These enzymes include amylase for breaking down carbohydrates, lipase for breaking down lipids (fats), and trypsin for breaking down proteins. The sodium bicarbonate helps increase the pH of the stomach acid, it has the buffer function of absorbing/neutralizing stomach acid.

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The gallbladder stores the bile that is produced by the liver.

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The liver plays a role in detox to filter the blood in our bodies as a protective mechanism. The liver also produces bile, which is an emulsifier. Specifically it emulsifies fat, which means it breaks fats down for absorption into the bloodstream.

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The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas all play a role in adding chemicals while chemical digestion is occurring in the duodenum.

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the primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes into the blood through osmosis, absorb vitamins via bacterial processing, and the compacting of fecal matter

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the colon houses bacteria and produces a multitude of vitamins for our bodies; also the colon absorbs water/nutrients into the bloodstream

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it is important to have polyps removed because they could enter into the bloodstream if untreated and reach another area of the body where they can metastisize

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a colonoscopy is a procedure in which an endoscope navigates the colon and removes any polyps; colon cancer is easily preventable as the window to polyps removed is wide, but stage IV polyps which are mushroom like in size can be fatal if not treated

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can contain a cancerous growth which leads to death called a polyp; a polyp is a small tissue growth that starts as a bump and progresses in size through the stages of growth

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the bodily organs are designed in a way to maximize absorption/diffusion through increased surface area; the rigid organs allow for nutrients to be absorbed through villi and microvilli

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at this stage in the digestive process mechanical digestion is occurring with the smooth muscles through peristalsis

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The villi line the intestinal walls on the digestive tract and contain blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels for nutrient absorption; also microvilli on the surface of epithelial cells contribute to nutrient absorption

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After food consumption, blood sugar levels rise. The pancreas then creates insulin. Insulin helps move glucose from the blood to the cells. When blood sugar levels return to normal the pancreas halts insulin production.

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Amino acids that are derived from proteins stimulate gastrin production. This causes a reaction that produces pepsinogen from parietal and chief cells, enhancing the break down of proteins. Proteins cause more gastrin to be made, causing more acid production and also more pepsinogen.

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Digestion is aided by the stomach releasing acids and enzymes; only a certain amount of acid is necessary though. Acid has a low pH and therefore causes delta cells to release somatostatin, turning off the g-cell and halting gastrin production. This in turn stops all production of acids and enzymes via gastrin.

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smooth muscles through peristalsis allow for food to be churned and moved through the digestive tract

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chyme is the fluidic acid, digestive material, and acid that is within the stomach

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hydrochloric acid breaks down food, stimulates delta cells to produce somatostatin which later turns off the g-cells, and stimulates the foveolar cell for protective mucus production inside the stomach

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create lipase and pepsin for the purpose of breaking down lipids and proteins (into aa) respectively

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parietal cells secrete gastric acid as well as aiding in digestion and absorption

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the g-cells come first in the gastric pit and synthesize the hormone gastrin

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the gastric pit contains a multitude of cells that stimulate each other in order to produce the hormone gastrin and ultimately break down proteins

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the negative feedback loop in the mouth and esophagus involves the production of saliva, when food enters the mouth saliva is produced, and less saliva is produced when food is not present

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epithelial cells are protective cells within the body, they play a role in the digestive processes to protect muscles that are involved
similarly, mucus is a protective mechanism within the bodies digestive tract that also moistens and lubricates

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an enzyme byproduct of salivary glands that break down starch into glucose for digestion

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salivary glands are located in the mouth and moisten food for it to be more easily transported along the digestive tract

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on the digestive tract peristalsis is instrumental in the involuntary contractions and relaxations that push a bolus

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smooth muscles are an important part of the digestive tract as they aid in contractions to push a bolus

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the esophagus connects the pharynx to the stomach and after food is swallowed via the hard palate it goes through the esophagus.

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the hard palate which is the roof of the mouth is a key component of the swallowing process within the digestive tract.

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A bolus is a chewed up portion of food that has also already been contacted by saliva.

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Human teeth come in a variety of shapes and sizes to preform a variety of functions during the process of chewing food. Chewed up food is the swallowed, a process initiated by the tongue.

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Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

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Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine