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-Norepinephrine (NE): released at postganglionic nerve endings
-Epinephrine (EPI): released by adrenal medulla at the adrenergic receptors
-Dopamine (DA): precursor to NE, released at hypothalamus
-Acetylcholine (ACH): released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings

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-Norepinephrine (NE)
-Epinephrine (EPI)
-Dopamine (DA)
-Acetylcholine (ACH)

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1. Alpha 1- found on glands, eyes, smooth muscle, and most arteries and veins
2. Alpha 2- found at adrenergic nerve endings
3. Beta 1- found on the heart
4. Beta 2- found on smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, and coronary arteries

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Sympathetic Nervous System
(fight or flight)
-Adrenergic

Parasympathetic Nervous system
(rest and digest)
-Cholinergic

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A1: adrenergic agonists-
1. ephedrine
2. phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

A2: adrenergic agonists-
1. epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

B1: adrenergic agonists-
1. dobutamine (Dobutrex®)

B2: adrenergic agonists-
1. albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)
2. terbutaline (Brethine®)
3. formoterol (Foradil®)
4. salmeterol (Serevent®)

A1: adrenergic blocking-
1. prazosin (Minipress®)
2. terazosin (Hytrin®)
3. doxazosin (Cardura®)

B1: adrenergic blocking-
1. atenolol (Tenormin®)
2. metoprolol (Lopressor®)

B2: adrenergic blocking-
1. nadolol (Corgard®)
2. propanolol (Inderal®)
3. timolol (Blocadren®)

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Alpha 1: 1. adrenergic agonists MOA- contraction of smooth muscle, increases BP,  vasoconstriction
2. adrenergic blocking drugs MOA- relaxation of smooth muscle, vasodilation, decreases BP, increases urine flow

Alpha 2: adrenergic agonists MOA- bronchodilator, cardiac stimulant, vasopressor/vasoconstriction, increases BP

Beta 1: 1. adrenergic agonist MOA- (low dose) vasodilation and increased renal blood flow, (medium dose) increases force of contraction and cardiac output, (high dose) vasoconstriction, increases BP

Beta 2: 1. adrenergic agonist MOA- bronchodilation, relaxation of smooth muscle in lungs and uterus

Beta 1 and 2: adrenergic blocking drugs MOA- decreases force of contraction, cardiac output, HR, conduction and due to decreased cardiac output- BP is decreased, can cause bronchoconstriction

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Sympathetic responses: (EPI and NE transmitters)

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Sympathetic responses: (EPI and NE transmitters)

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A1: arteries and veins- vasoconstriction, iris muscle of eye- contraction/dilation

A2: adrenergic nerve ending- decreased release of NE

B1: heart- increased heart rate, forced contraction

B2: (not stimulated by NE) bronchiolar smooth muscle- bronchodilation, uterus- relaxation, coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels- vasodilation

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-Acetylcholine (ACH): released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings

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-Acetylcholine (ACH)

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1. Muscarinic- found at cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
2. Nicotinic 1 (Nn)- found at ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves
3. Nicotinic 2 (Nm)- found at neuromuscular junctions

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Cholinergic Direct: acting cholinergic agonists MOA- mimics ACH, bind to the muscarinic receptors in the cholinergic/parasympathetic division

Cholinergic Indirect: acting cholinergic agonists MOA- increases ACH, inhibit acetylcholinesterase

Anticholinergic: MOA- bind to a cholinergic receptor, acts as a blocking drug/ antagonist

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1. arteries- not supplied by  cholinergic nerves
2. heart- decreases HR, and AV
3. intestines, secretion, and GI motility- increases
4. postganglionic NT- ACH released
5. pupil of eyes- constriction/miosis
6. lower respiratory passages- bronchoconstriction
7. urinary bladder- contraction
8. urinary sphincter- relaxation

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Unit 2 ANS ppt part 1 - slide 8

Unit 2 ANS ppt part 1 - slide 10

Unit 2 ANS ppt part 1 - slide 15

Unit 2 ANS ppt part 1 - slide 16

Unit 2 ANS ppt part 1 - slide 20-26

Unit 2 ANS ppt part 2 - slide 5

Unit 2 ANS ppt part 2 - slide 3

Unit 2 ANS ppt part 2 - slide 10

Unit 2 ANS ppt part 2 - slide 12

Unit 2 ANS ppt part 2 - slide 15

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Cholinergic Direct: Acting Cholinergic Agonists
1. acetylcholine
2. pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
3. bethanechol (Urecholine®)

Cholinergic Indirect: Acting Cholinergic Agonists
1. neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Anticholinergic:
1. atropine
2. dicyclomine (Bentyl®)
3. ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)