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MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI (1475-1564)
'The Last Judgement', 1535-41 (fresco)

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https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/st-sebastian-andrea-mantegna/aAGNJ8iP0MhBRA

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According to legend, the emperor Diocletian recruited Sebastian in 303 AD to be an officer in the imperial bodyguard, but Sebastian continued to defend his Christian faith. The Legenda Aurea (1265/66; Golden Legend) also tells about the impressive healing of Cromatius: the severely ill prefect had summoned Sebastian and Polycarpus, a Christian priest. They immediately baptised him and he was miraculously healed. To further support this new faith, Sebastian destroyed hundreds of idols in Cromatius's house. When Diocletian heard of it, he ordered the execution of Sebastian, who miraculously survived the archers' attempt to kill him with arrows. Diocletian then ordered that he be beaten to death with clubs. The saint has been venerated since the 7th century for his ability to turn away the plague. In the early 15th century, it became usual to depict Sebastian - both north and south of the Alps - as a naked youth clad onlyin a loin cloth. Mantegna, who was the most important Upper Italian painter of the Quattrocento, became court painter to the Gonzaga in Mantua in 1459. This is the first of his Sebastians and was probably painted a short time earlier in Padua. It documents his intensive study of ancient architecture and sculpture. The ability to depict a space in exact perspective was an accomplishment of the early Florentine Renaissance. The realism in this depiction of Sebastian's injuries and pain had seldom been found in such a clear and unmistakable form before. Perhaps the rider in the clouds at the above left is a reference to the transitoriness of human life. The archers have left the scene; three of them can be seen in the background at the left as they climb a curving path. Fragments of ancient sculpture at the left on the tile floor of a ruined Roman basilica are perhaps a reference to Cromatius. Like the architectural setting, they testify in particular to a reawakened knowledge of ancient culture. © Cäcilia Bischoff, Masterpieces of the Picture Gallery. A Brief Guide to the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna 2010

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St. Sebastian - Andrea Mantegna - Google Arts & Culture

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According to legend, the emperor Diocletian recruited Sebastian in 303 AD to be an officer in the imperial bodyguard, but Sebastian continued to defend his Christian faith. The Legenda Aurea (1265/66; Golden Legend) also tells about the impressive healing of Cromatius: the severely ill prefect had summoned Sebastian and Polycarpus, a Christian priest.

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The School of Athens, by Raphael, 1509-1511 (patron: Pope Julius II, for the Vatican)

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This painting illustrates classicism because: 1) its title references the Greek city-state of Athens, 2) there are Roman arches and Greek statues in the painting, and 3) it is filled with the images of many Ancient Greek philosophers.

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This painting shows the feature of naturalism because all of the figures and features are drawn to resemble what we would normally see, and they are in common, ordinary poses.  No distortion is evident anywhere in the work.

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This work demonstrates geometric perspective by having all of the lines in the floor, the ceiling, and the hallway converge at a single vanishing point, thus creating the illusion of depth.

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This reflects the importance and value placed upon education, as it takes place in a school and everyone is a scholar.

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Many people are depicted nude here. This goes back to the classical Greco-Roman times when art was depicted in the nude form.

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The Betrothal of the Virgin by Raphael in 1504.

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These figures are very naturalistic with depth and definition in the body. The overall figure of these characters looks more real and has a good geometric shape.

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The lines of the painting come together at the vanishing point of god. The perspective is pointed towards him because he is he central figure in the painting.

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Calumny of Appelles 1494-5, Sandro Botticelli

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This painting portrays

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This painting displays classicism because the building in the background is heavily inspired from the classics (domes, pillars, and arches).

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This painting displays naturalism because every person we see is ordinary and regular (no distortion).

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This painting displays geometric perspective because we can see that the lines on the floor all connect to a point in the middle (door of the building).

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This painting displays civic-mindedness because we can see the pope helping Mary and Joseph get married.

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“Michelangelo’s Pieta” 1498-1500 Patron: Cardinal Jean De Billheres

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“Michelangelo’s Pieta” 1498-1500 Patron: Cardinal Jean De Billheres

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The Birth of the Virgin, fresco by Domenico Ghirlandaio, 1486–90; in the choir of Santa Maria Novella, Florence.

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This work demonstrates geometric perspective because the stairs, walls, and pillars all lead to the main point which is the two women on the sofa while one is holding a baby.

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The Wedding at Cana, by Paolo Veronese, 1562-1563 (patron: Order of Saint Benedict)

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This painting shows classicism by having lots of classic architecture such as the columns and buildings surrounding the subjects of the painting.

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This painting also has themes of humanism, such as individualism. Individualism is shown here as the artist included himself in the painting playing an instrument, demonstrating that he felt it was important to incorporate somehow.

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The artist displays Jesus body would Greta detail. This reflects the greatness of man as it displays Jesus body.

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Apparition of the Sibyl to Emperor Augustus, by Paris Bordone (Paris Pascalinus), 1550 (no known patron)

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This painting displays classicism because the buildings in the picture resemble Greek/Roman architecture. (Columns, arches, etc)

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Painting looks 3d and has lines that can be drawn along the frieze and cornice of the buildings to show the vanishing point at the center.

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This painting shows the principal of valuing education as there was mechanical devices learned in academies used to create perspective in the painting. (Geometric perspective)

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This painting shows individualism as the aspect of humanism. The artist Ghirlandaio, Domenico added himself in the paint, the man in the left is him. Since he signed his work/adding himself in it, this shows individualism.

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Primavera by Sandro Botticelli, made in the late 1470’s to early 1480’s, Might’ve been commissioned by the Medici Family, but the history behind the painting isn’t confirmed.

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Primavera shows aspects of classicism by portraying some well known figures from Greek mythology like Cupid at the top of the painting, Venus in the middle of the arch, and more.

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Sistine Chapel Ceiling Frescoes by Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1508 - 1512

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Aspects of naturalism are shown in the bodies of the gods and goddesses featured in Primavera. The painting is emphasizing the beauty of fertility as a main subject and is showing women as to how they would actually look with pregnant bodies (super weird for me to explain but you get the idea). Their bodies are reminiscent of what a pregnant woman might actually look like apposed to what could’ve been shown as the beauty standard of that time period.

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The use of geometric perspective is seen in a few areas in Primavera. If you look into the background the lines of the trees help emphasize each of the subjects in the painting. There is also an arch above Venus, helping to emphasize her importance in the story of the painting.

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The painting shows classicism through the use of arches, originally used by the Greeks/Romans. A majority of people in painting are nude which was common for Greco-Roman art.

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Naturalism is seen through the people, they’re posed normally in the painting with no distortions.

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The painting tricks you mind by making it so you actually looking up. How the arches were designed, how the triangles were designed, and the slight curve from the center towards the sides give off the impression.

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This painting displays the value of education because some people can be seen reading.

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Saint Jerome in his Study, by Antonello da Messina (1430-1479). Created c. 1475. Patron: Unknown

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The Massacre of the Innocents (Without the Fir Tree) - Marcantonio Raimondi (Italian, 1470/82-1527/34) and Raphael (Italian, 1483-1520) - Date c. 1511-12

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Raphael drew this composition to be engraved by Marcantonio Raimondi while working in the Vatican apartments adjacent to Michelangelo, who was then painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling. The emotive scene portrays a moment from the biblical Book of Matthew when King Herod, hearing of the birth of a savior, ordered the execution of all male children under two years of age. Known for the clarity and balance of his forms and compositions, the younger Raphael may have found inspiration for this composition in Michelangelo's narrative intensity and active, twisting nude forms.

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The Massacre of the Innocents (Without the Fir Tree) - Marcantonio Raimondi (Italian, 1470/82-1527/34) and Raphael (Italian, 1483-1520) - Google Arts & Culture

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Raphael drew this composition to be engraved by Marcantonio Raimondi while working in the Vatican apartments adjacent to Michelangelo, who was then paintin...

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Classicalism is shown in this artwork with nude people, archways, architecture, and Greatness of Mankind.

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Geometric perspective is shown with pilars and archways creating an illusion of depth and the vanishing point seems to be towards the right where the man is.

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The Deposition of Christ Agnolo Bronzino 1545/1553 Patron: John the Baptist

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Classicism is shown in this painting through the arches, which is a form Greek and Roman architecture.

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This is shown because the  people that are in the painting aren’t distorted and look natural.

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It can be see. because the painting shows depth and a vanishing point is present.

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Raphael Sanzio, The Transfiguration (1516-1520)

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This is depicted through secularism because biblical figures such as Christ and Mary along with the angels at the top of the painting.

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This painting shows classicism because it shows the connection between heaven and earth and how Jesus Christ is above everyone else and the humans are in the middle so they are kind of like the link between heaven and the earth.

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This painting shows naturalism because it depicts everyone, including Jesus, as how we view humans today, and it makes them look lively and animated.

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This painting shows perspective because their is a vanishing point directed right at Jesus. Raphael did this because he wanted Jesus to be the main point in his painting. The characters are also 3D and look very much like they are alive.

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This painting shows Greatness of Man. It shows greatness of man because it shows how some humans are above with Jesus but others are down on the ground. This shows that humans have free will, and the choice to be what they want.

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A bit of a stretch, but this painting could be seen as portraying the greatness of mankind. Primavera is emphasizing the beauty of the ability to make offspring. Of course which is a natural ability seen in human kind. The painting is a celebration of the ability to conceive children, therefor also celebrating a part of life most humans go through.

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The Tribute Money by Masaccio, 1424 - 1427 

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Classicism is seen evident here through the incorporation of certain invention of Ancient Roman architectures and through the artists decision to depict his characters in the nude. If you take a look behind the chaos, a bridge is seen with arches, an invention created in Ancient Rome. In addition, nude characters can be seen as classicism since Ancient Romans began depicting people in the nude in order to describe them as semi divine beings.

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Naturalism is shown here through the naturalistic manner the characters were drawn. No characters seem to be distorted nor is painted  in such a way that it's considered abnormal to what we see in the real world every day.

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In the Tribute of Money, Masaccio portrays classicism by using classical Greek/Roman architecture. The building in the back has arches and pillars which are part of classical architecture.

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Geometric Perspective was seen evident to me through the orthogonal lines that lead into the vanishing point. Many of the lines are seen at the tips of the buildings, columns of the bridge, and more. Geometric perspective is also represented through the depth that is made through the usage of square tiles on the ground.

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It shows realistic features of each person by their facial expressions and how they are acting like people natural do.  In the bottom right you can see two people shaking hand which is common thing that people do.

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The Creation of Adam - Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, 1508-1512

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This painting depicts naturalism because of the way the humans are drawn. They look natural and there is no distortion. They look exactly how we would see them with our eyes.

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Classicism is portrayed in this painting through the people being painted in the nude, and the pillars and the statues along the side are those of Roman/Greek architecture.

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There is depth in this painting through the shadows and the background being distant, and the vanishing point being towards the middle to emphasize the characters.

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Adam (left) is the first man to be given life by God (right), and as a human, the laws of nature that humans follow are different than animals, and humans can be and do anything they want. The abilities and achievements that humans can accomplish are limitless.

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The geometric perspective can be seen with imaginary lines drawn from edges of the building that lead to the center of the paining. It also helps to create depth in the piece.

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The Flagellation, by Piero della Francesca, 1455

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This art shows classicism through the architecture. In the back we can see statues, arches, and pillars.

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Here we see the artist made it look like real people, we also see that the artist added small details such as shadows to make it look more real to the eye.

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We can see that there is a vanishing point where most lines point towards. This helps focus our eyes and make the portrait look more 3D.

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I believe this shows civic mindedness. This is shown through the group gathering which shows people participating in their community. This could be for a multitude of reasons, or just to voice opinions.

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Piero de la Francesca, The Virgin with Child, Angels and Saints (1472-1474)

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Classicism is represented in this painting through the building’s complex interior. There is a walkway to the right with several arches from Ancient Roman architecture.

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This painting is meant to make the viewer believe they are looking into an actual building containing the Saint inside studying. He has a look of focus on his face. His body does not seem artificial or stiff. Instead, his siting position looks natural. In front of the building’s entryway are two birds, a peacock and a partridge, both symbols of St. Jerome and the church. Both are drawn with portion and look natural.

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This painting shows geometric perspective by having all of the lines of the walls and floors going to one point, called the vanishing point. The vanishing point is used to bring the viewer’s eye to Saint Jerome in the middle of the painting, reading a book. We also see lots of complex shadows behinds the walls, objects, and the birds in the front, adding even more depth to the painting.

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The first, easy to notice, humanist idea displayed in the work is the value on education. You can find education in the name of the piece itself, Saint Jerome in his Study. We see Jerome reading, with several books behinds him. The second humanist idea in this painting requires more knowledge of Saint Jerome to understand. It is said that Jerome saved a wounded lion and that the lion became his companion (To the right of Saints Jerome in the painting). The idea that a human would be able to heal and connect to an animal as powerful as a lion shows the humanist belief in the greatness of mankind.

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This painting presents classicism by having Roman arches painted in the background. As well as giving some of the characters the tonsure hairstyle that Roman popes use to have.

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Each one of the characters drawn are people drawn with natural features like noses, ears, eyes, hands, etc. nothing/no one in this painting looks distorted

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A theme of civic mindedness is shown in this painting.  Everyone seems to be active in their town and getting along with everyone else.

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“Three Philosophers” was made by Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco, known as Giorgione, in 1509. It was commissioned for Patricia Taddeo Contarini.

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“Three Philosophers” depicts classicism through the old, bearded man holding a stylus and a wax tablet inscribed with astronomy, commonly associated during Ancient Greece. His outfit also resembles that of a person from such era and many have assumed that Giorgione based him off of Greek philosopher Aristotle or Pythagoras.

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The lines on top of the walls and the egg in the back point to the virgin holding the baby meaning the vanishing point is on the virgin. The vanishing point is on her because she is the important thing the artist wants us to see in the painting.

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Giorgione paints the three men is very different ways. The first man in green is incredibly young with dark curly hair, holding an object originating from the Renaissance. The second man wearing a turban is middled aged and implied to be Arabic, and the greying man all the way to the right is indicated to be a Greek elder, as stated before.

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The three philosophers are the clear center of the painting, being in the right side of the foreground and larger than the castles, mountains, and clouds behind them. They sit next to a cave that takes up a good forth of the painting and is also included in the foreground, positioned to be larger than the scenery in the background behind them. The cave is implied to be of some importance, as the young philosophers is very focused on them.

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“Hercules and the Centaur Nessus” Giambologna, 1595-1599 

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The base of this sculpture was influenced by the Greek mythology figure, Hercules. It also takes inspiration from the Greek and Roman statues/sculptures due to its tone. It depicts the expression and detail that was shown during the Greek and Roman time.

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Humanism is represented here by the greatness of mankind. The baby wears a necklace red beads which symbolizes redemption given by god to humans and only humans.

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Everything about this sculpture is naturalism, from the great detail in the muscle definition, to the facial expression detail, the body movement depicted, and the horse’s (nessus) obvious depicted struggle in detail. It’s as if a real fight is happening in place.

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This painting shows secularism by the deep focus the three philosophers are in at the moment, discussing with each other in an attempt to achieve an answer to something they deem important, not occupied with other matters. Philosophers during these times were also held with high regard and less focused on religion and more concerned about human accomplishments and moral values.

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Salome with the Head of Saint John the Baptist by Andrea Solario 1507

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This painting shows naturalism because there isn’t any distortion and everything is normal.

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Classism is shown through Salome and the guy holding the head of John the Baptist. They both are wearing clothes are are kind of baggy and almost like they’re too big or falling off. This is the kind of clothes the ancient Romans use to wear which shows classism. Also the lines around Salome’s neck kind of resembles pillars.