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In a wave, refraction is known as the change of direction of a wave due to change of speed. A great example for this is the water waves. Wave travel at a different speed based on how shallow/deep the water is, this causes it to go at a different angle.

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When there is a barrier in the medium, (think of a rock) it causes the wave ti reflect off it. Depending on the waves dimension is the direction of the reflection. For example, 2D and 3D waves reflect the medium at the same angle as the incoming wave, but for 1D waves such as the telephone string example, it simply goes back in the same direction it came from.

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As mentioned, different kinds of waves come in different shapes, sizes, and even dimensions. One dimension waves can be seen with the string telephones (end of one string to the other). Two dimension waves can be seen with water waves. And 3 dimension waves can be seen through sound waves.

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In waves, there are many different kinds of factors that makes all waves different. There is the Amplitude of a wave which is the distance of a medium (wavelength). There is also the frequency of a wave in order to measure how often a wave moves up and down. There is also speed which is needed in order to find the wavelength (speed/frequency= wavelength)

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There are 3 important conditions that must be present in order for a wave to happen. You need the source that begins the disturbance, a medium in which the wave can move through, and a mechanism in which the wave can travel from one place to the other. Some mechanisms include: physical connection, physical collision and cooperation.

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A longitudinal wave is a wave where the individual parts of a medium move in a direction that is aligned of the motion of the wave (backwards and forwards). A great example can be sound waves.

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A transverse wave is where individual parts of the medium move in a perpendicular direction of motion of the wave (side to side). A great example can be water waves.

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A wave is a disturbance that moves through a material, carrying energy with it as it goes. The medium, though vibrating, does not move to a new location If the source creates only a single disturbance, then we call it a

wave pulse. If the source creates a series of identical disturbances, then we call it a continuous wave.