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Selectionism
Darwin proposed certain ideas about evolution and the origin of species by means of natural selection (Moore, 2008, pg. 19).

Reference
Moore, J. (2008). Conceptual foundations of Radical Behaviorism. Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY: Sloan Publishing.

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Classical Conditioning
Pavlov was named the father of "classical conditioning." His contributions in behaviorism stemmed from his research on physiology of digestion. Pavlov studied conditioned reflex composed of an animal or human produced a reflex/ unconscious response to a stimulus (Rescorla and Wagner, 1972).

Reference
Rescorla, R. A. and Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory. New York, NY: Appleton–Century–Crofts.

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Tropisms
Loeb began research on animal tropisms (Gussin, 1963; Hackenberg, 1995; Moore, 2008, pg.24). A tropism was defined as the movement of the whole body of an organism to fields of physical force in the environment (Moore, 2008, pg. 24). He researched caterpillars' reaction to light. Caterpillars were given the choice of light or food and they chose light even though they starved to death. Loeb's works contributed to reflexes/ reflexology.

References
Gussin, A. E. S. (1963). Jacques Loeb: The Man and His Tropism Theory of Animal Conduct. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 18(4), 321–336. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24621351

Hackenberg T. D. (1995). Jacques Loeb, B. F. Skinner, and the legacy of prediction and control. The Behavior Analyst, 18(2), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392710

Moore, J. (2008). Conceptual foundations of Radical Behaviorism. Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY: Sloan Publishing.

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Thorndike’s (1898) work with cats and puzzle boxes illustrated the concept of conditioning. The puzzle boxes were were built so the cat, placed inside the box, could escape only if it pressed a lever. This would result in the string attached to  open the door. Thorndike measured the time it took the cat to perform the required response (e.g., pulling the lever). Once the cats had learned the response, Thorndike gave the cat a reward/ edible. When the cat accidentally stepped on the lever, it would then press the switch faster in each succeeding trial inside the puzzle box. Thorndike discovered most animals had difficulty escaping at first, then began to escape faster and faster with each successive puzzle box trial.

Reference
Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/10780-000

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Operant Behavior
Skinner was named the father of "radical behaviorism" (Schneider & Morris, 1987). Skinner focused on how behavior was affected by its consequences.

Reference
Schneider, S. M., & Morris, E. K. (1987). A history of the term radical behaviorism: From Watson to Skinner. The Behavior Analyst, 10(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392404

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This paradigm stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped (Moore, 2008, pg. 33; Thorndike, 1898).

References
Moore, J. (2008). Conceptual foundations of Radical Behaviorism. Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY: Sloan Publishing.

Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/10780-000

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Respondent Behavior
John B. Watson coined "behaviorism" and it's usage in psychology (Moore, 2008, pg. 57-59; Schneider & Morris, 1987). Watson presented behaviorism through consciousness. Watson's work was heavily influenced by Pavlov. Pavlov worked with salivation in response to the presence of food. The reflex could be elicited using a second stimulus, such as a specific sound (i.e., bell), that was presented in association with the food. Once the response to the second stimulus was “learned,” the food stimulus could be omitted.

Reference
Schneider, S. M., & Morris, E. K. (1987). A history of the term radical behaviorism: From Watson to Skinner. The Behavior Analyst, 10(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392404

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1927- Pavlov's Dogs & Classical Conditioning

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1927- Pavlov's Dogs & Classical Conditioning

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Pavlov observed that the dogs began to salivate not only at the taste of food, but also at the sight of food, at the sight of an empty food bowl, and even at the sound of the laboratory assistants’ footsteps (Moore, 2008, pg.86).

References
Moore, J. (2008). Conceptual foundations of Radical Behaviorism. Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY: Sloan Publishing.

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Hull, a neobehaviorist introduced habit strength and reaction potential in his system, and then suggested the possible locus, structure, or functioning of his variables in the nervous system (Moore, 2008, pg. 45).
He believed he had found the fundamental law of learning or habit-formation. Similar to Pavlov, Hull theorized learning was continuous and when an animal was trained to respond to a stimulus all aspects were gradually associated with that response ( O’Donohue & Kitchener, 1998).

References
Moore, J. (2008). Conceptual foundations of Radical Behaviorism. Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY: Sloan Publishing.

O’Donohue, W., & Kitchener, R. (1998). Clark L. Hull’s Behaviorism. In Handbook of Behaviorism. Elsevier Science & Technology.

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1948- "The Skinner Box" aka "Operant Conditioning Chamber"

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1948- "The Skinner Box" aka "Operant Conditioning Chamber"

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The Skinner Box study was a demonstration of the effectiveness of operant conditioning. The study involved conditioning behaviors of rats or pigeons by the use of reinforcement and punishment. The box had a lever and a food tray. When the rat was hungry, the rat would press the lever and access a food pellet.

Reference
Thorne, B. M. & Henley, T. B. (2005). Connections in the history and systems of psychology (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin.